Comanche Territory Review Essay Example

Comanche Territory Review Paper Essay on Comanche Territory Comanche Territory in the jargon of the stringers (journalists to survey the events of direct, hot spots) is a no mans land, where there is a war. That area, which is quite specifically narrowed down to city or district where operators and reporters move on broken glass and they know that they are being watched by snipers. Above the heads and shells exploding shards of house-building meat rained from all sides. Comanche Territory the place where we ought rather to blame, and even for standing reportage meddle there not worth it. Comanche Territory this is the most critical, the most significant division between life and death. On Comanche Territory, as elsewhere, the death is palpable and it seems that her bony fingers hold you by the scruff of the neck like a kitten The territory of the Comanches. a book written by waves of memory and a place of glory Perez-Reverte less well-known Russian public as a military journalist. Skimp on the details of the Russian version of Wikipedia says: Arturo Perez-Reverte, since 1971, more than twenty years worked as a military reporter for the newspaper Pueblo and for television covered the armed conflicts that took place in Cyprus, Lebanon, Western Sahara, Libya. Mozambique, Angola, Yugoslavia and other countries territory, as the story of two journalists teaches. : Marquez operator and correspondent Barlesa, removing events of the war in the Balkans in the early 90s. Marquez that Barles gone through many wars, and not every veteran can boast so many hotspots where journalists visited. That Marquez that Barlesa war a kind of drug. Yes, they are distorted by the war but on the other and can not be. Yes, they are poisoned by war and the same can not be otherwise. I think both of them would fit perfectly Kaidanovsky monologue of Stalker, the one in which he says that without the Zone can not. This whole war one big war Barles about it not once repeat that over time, all fused together and everyone killed is similar to each other -. Is the likeness of Zone from the film Tarkovsky We will write a custom essay sample on Comanche Territory Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comanche Territory Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comanche Territory Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Marquez obsessed remove exploding bridge, and around bomb the bridge and turned the story. The explosion should occur at any moment, but so far this has not happened, Marquez and Barles remember what they had to go, what to see. The book has chernukha, but it does not look in the pages of shocking. She somehow objective or something. Close to the ideal of the journalist to show the naked truth, without any evaluation. There are pretentious, but not mean wrong, reasoning Marquez on the vile essence of all the wars that the engineer who invented clever bullet evening goes with his family to the movies, not even thinking about how his offspring tearing flesh (by the way, reminds vonnegutovskoe outrage, as the wife of the man who invented the atomic bomb (sugar), can teach children). Well, about politicians, analysts and interpreters sitting many miles from the front it will also be mentioned. Pour a bucket of bile Reverte and those who called at the rear for a day or two, and then writes trehsotstranichnye books about the war, believing that everyone understood. But those who for months climbs out of bullets with a heavy camera on his shoulder thats, well, damn, they did not understand. Interestingly, by t he way, that is not devoid of Reverte and self-irony: They preferred to spend money on election campaigns, recruit pyshnotelye beauties, order futurologists program to fund the transfer of the Who knows where or Code of Honor of the Perez- Reverte . I think he Reverte as a journalist thought that way about someone. By the way, in the book of many well-known journalistic names (well, maybe not all, but trust names loud for writing characters fraternity are present there). There is a book and an excellent fatalistic humor, without which, it seems no conceivable good humanist a book about the war: When Jorge together with the Mujahideen made his way through the outskirts of Kabul, near exploded Russian missile, and four dead Afghans wave thrown directly at him, but at the very Jorge was not a scratch, but it was necessary to bear in mind that Jorge was a correspondent for the Spanish office. Vatican Radio and, so as to notice, Efe agency reports Enrique Ibanez, puffing on his old pipe, which he gave Arafat in Beirut should not attach much importance fluke that took place with Jorge they provided his firm . In general, a great book. Read in flight. Reverte dedicated this book to three journalists, with whom he worked in his time. But in fact it is a dedication to all the stringers of the past, present and future. Beautiful work of showing these people, without unnecessary embellishment (although, frankly, fatal charm in their description is, but maybe its just my personal perception? Im honestly wanted to be a stringer). They are all neurotic, sick in the head, with a bunch of social and personal problems. And they all rush to war again, as if he could not get away with it. But what is important is the product shows military journalists are not geeks and those bastards what they love to vilify public opinion. After all, true or times have you heard someone cursing these freaks, picks up a better man with guts Turned? Indeed, pick a frame better. And why? Yes, because they are doing their job, and do it professionally. And it is right. They do not need to rush to the aid of (but do), because I wish to save one wants to save ev eryone and I understand in this case, his helplessness it is better to get their hands on. In addition, each of them, even if it is for long dollar came to the forefront, it is that good and for a good picture ready paid with his life. Or rather not that ready, but that that is the declared price. Dying is something no one is ready. But it is necessary. I have a book, as can be seen from the ranting, like. In some way, reminded, The Rum Diary Hunter S. Thompson. After all, both of these books about journalistic tribe, as the tribe eternal Jews, wandering, vagabond, without shelter. The final book in the open. The reader can dream up whether heroes sweep zone perebegt:. Again shell forty-nine seconds, not yet settled its last fragments as Barles put a hand on his shoulder Marquez well see he said Where is it there -? I do not know there Marquez laughed his raspy laugh of aged ratchet then they jumped up and ran down the road. But, unfortunately, for the paragraph before Barles says the modified phrase from the movie blade Runner, They waited for the next shot and forty-two seconds s Well, Ive lived a good life thought Barles How is it out there, I saw something that does not see you, burned the ships of the Orion, and hid the sun at bay Tannhà ¤user ..? When we get back, do not forget to change batteries in Sony and wash a pair of dirty shirts that are lying in a hotel. Barles Marquez looked at trying to guess what he is thinking before you get up and running under fire. In the original it reads: Ive seen things in that you people would not believe. Warships, burning up on the shoulder of Orion. I saw B bimz, glittering in the dark near Tannhà ¤user Gate. And all these moments will be lost, will dissolve in time, like tears with rain drops. Time to die and seen the final book -. It is time to die Marquez and Barlesu, they pulled my ticket, now their turn and theres nothing you can do about it (a bout the three reasons for which are killed journalists in war just as it is written in the book and the ticket . - the main and indisputable one) even if you, the reader, decide to have mercy and let Marquez and Barlesu survive, remember: Robert Kapp hit a mine, Musa Jalil executed in a Nazi camp Jose Couso Shot American tank, Paul Moran blown up by a suicide bomber and a lot of T.. ex who does not reloaded a new cassette tape, a memory card. And all of them, and the subject of this book.

Summary of Jean-Paul Sartres Contributions to Philosophy Essays

Summary of Jean-Paul Sartre's Contributions to Philosophy Essays Summary of Jean-Paul Sartre's Contributions to Philosophy Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980) was a philosopher among other vocations (including novelist, playwright, and literary critic) and was also at the forefront of 20th century French philosophy and Marxism but is mainly considered an existentialist and is a key figure in that area of philosophy. At the outset Sartre?s philosophy was influenced by Edmund Husserl, the phenomenological movement and the idea that consciousness is about objects rather than creating within it an inner representation of the object, but he expands on these ideas and gives his own spin as his body of works grows. In 1938 Sartre published one of his earliest and most well-known works is La Naus?e (Nausea) which depicts a frustrated historian (Antoine Roquentin) who feels nausea as a result of his struggle to define himself despite the distractions of inanimate objects and situations which he believes detract from that goal, end he even fears whether his existence is a figment of the imagination. This novel is often considered a manifesto of existentialism and is sometimes seen as one of the canonical works of the movement. It brings up questions of existence, objects in relation to consciousness, freedom, and the meaning of life. Shortly after publishing this work Sartre also wrote an essay called The Transcendence of the Ego in which he expanded on the idea that objects exist independently from our consciousness of them and added the idea that a person?s ego is itself an object of consciousness to be discovered. His main existentialist work however is called Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology and was published in 1943. Its writing was spurred but Sartre?s reflections as a result of reading Martin Heidegger?s Being and Time, an ontological work from a phenomenologist perspective, which prompted Sartre?s subtitle for his work. He analyzes and criticizes the works of other philosophers and uses these to summarize his theory of being, consciousness and phenomena. One of Sartre?s most original contributions to metaphysics is found in this work and is his concept of ?nothingness? and the idea that it is essential to being. He also talks about ?being? in two sense using Hegel?s terminology (pour-soi/for-itself, and en-soi/in-itself) and talks about the in-itself existing independently and transcending the for-itself.

Food and Agriculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food and Agriculture - Essay Example Also, the introduction of rapid growth chemicals has been applied to these resources. Upon first impression, these advancements seem to be miracles and wonders of science that would easily cater to vast growing populations that need to be fed. In his study, Altieri (2000) posited that â€Å"evidence indicates, however, that excessive reliance on monoculture farming and agro-industrial inputs, such as capital-intensive technology, pesticides, and chemical fertilizers, has negatively impacted the environment and rural society.† Monoculture, which is the agricultural process of growing a single certain crop over a wide expanse of land, has been used by many industrial farms that have been maintained through the use of huge amounts of chemicals to operate for either pesticides or artificial growth of crops. These chemicals have negative effects to the health of people after being ingested from the agricultural produce. It should also be taken into consideration that the landscaping of monoculture farms and their activities break the natural process of the environment around it through the artificial soil cultivation methods, as well as the tearing down of natural habitats for crop cultivation. Combining all these effec ts, modern ways of agriculture pose negative health issues to human beings, as much as it damages the natural

Historical english paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Historical english - Research Paper Example Thou, as used in the play, has a meaning of the second person pronoun in the singular form. It is in its archaic form as it has been currently replaced by ‘you’. It is in the normative form. Its oblique or objective form is ‘thee,’ whereas the possessive form is ‘thine.’ The word following it in the sentence is ‘done,’ which begins with a consonant letter. ‘Thou’ was originally a singular counterpart of ‘ye’, a pronoun, which traces its origin in the Ancient Indo-Europe. Due to the language progress in the Indo-Europe, the word was later adapted and used in the expression of intimacy, disrespect, as well as familiarity. The word has been used in the inquisitive sentence by Horner to Quack. As stated, the word has been used in asking a question. It is preceded by the word, ‘hast’, which is also an archaic word. This is one of the common features of archaic words. In this case, Horner is using a commanding tone in asking the question to his colleague. This is a proof that the word is mainly used or applied in making interrogations, or in interrogating sentences. Using it in a sentence, especially in a play, implies direct approach of a particular character on the other. In general, the author of the play has used the word to succeed in the achievement of commanding tone in this section of the play. The tone is necessary for the smooth continuation or enhancement of the play’s plot. It is also a depiction of the relationship existing between the speaker, Horner and the addressee, Quack. Considering the general flow of the play and the character roles in the play, Horner is portrayed as a leader, a charismatic individual and a more aggressive person compared to many other characters in the play. Another instance where the word has been used is by Horner talking to Har. â€Å"But why shouldst thou be afraid†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wycherley 26). The second word in the

William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet Essay â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† Many people all over the world have heard the expression from William Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet. The tragedy is about two star crossed lovers who are born into two different families, Juliet’s family, the Capulets and Romeo’s family, the Montague’s. The families have an ancient grudge. Due to this family feud, many drastic events take place involving deceit, sorrow, sacrifice and pain, resulting in the death of both Romeo and Juliet, along with their love. Romeo and Juliet is full of situations and themes to which students are able to relate: friendship, betrayal, feuds, conflict with parents, young love, religion, adolescent hormones, a lack of perspective, desperation, and conflicting loyalties. In this essay, several themes will be connected to Romeo and Juliet using music and cinema, as well as to my life and situations that occur in life or the world. One of the reoccurring themes in Romeo and Juliet is love. The concept of love is portrayed in various parts of the play. The play actually focuses on love and emphasizes how two, innocent lovers endure the pain they go through, what they have to sacrifice and what they do just to keep themselves together. Many references to Romeo and Juliet appear in movies, pop songs, and art frequently. Taylor Swift refers to the play in her hit song, â€Å"Love Story.† Love Story is a song based upon love, and, reflects a story about how two people meet and fall deeply in love which also connects to the theme of family feuding. However, the girl’s father does not approve of the boy and warns the two to keep a steady distance from each other. In Swifts, Love Story†, line (8) says: Little did I know that you were Romeo, you were throwing pebbles and my daddy said, Stay away from Juliet. Based on this piece of the song, it can be related to Juliet’s father warning Romeo to stay away from his daughter and that he would never allow her to be with him. Another example is in lyrics, 17-20 which say: â€Å"So I sneak out to the garden to see you, we keep quiet cause were dead if they knew, so close your eyes, escape this town for a little while.† This line of the song can be strongly connected with the family feud between the Capulets and Montagues. Romeo and Juliet loved each other dearly; however, their families had powerful hate for one another. Therefore, in order for the two lovers  to keep contact with each other, they had to sneak out and meet in various places due to their undeniable love, such as the balcony, Friar Lawrence’s cell, etc. However, the ending of the song is different with the ending of the play. The ending of the song is one that is full of happiness as opposed to the ending of the play which has a melancholy ending. James Cameron’s hit movie, Titanic, also depicts the love two people have for each other and what they endure through it. Titanic is a 1997 American, epic, romantic, disastrous film between a man and woman of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill-fated maiden voyage. Even though, Titanic is an example of melodrama and Romeo and Juliet is an example of dramatic literature, they both connect with one another according to the theme of love, separation, and family feuds. In Titanic, Rose and Jack withstand forbidden/ socially unacceptable love. Rose Bukater is a wealthy woman and comes from a family with upper class. On the other hand, Jack Dawson is a poor man, who does not have much to offer to Rose. Therefore, Rose’s mother forbids her to stop meeting Jack since they will never be of the same kind. This can be connected to the family feud of Romeo and Juliet, between the Montagues and Capulets as they also forbid their son and daughter from seeing each other. Another example of how Titanic ties in with the theme of parting in Romeo and Juliet is when both couples (Rose and Jack and Romeo and Juliet) are separated from one another for a short period of time by fate or circumstances beyond their control. In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is banished from Verona for killing Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin. On the other hand, in Titanic, Jack is framed as a thief for â€Å"stealing† a diamond necklace that belonged to Rose. Due to this, Jack was forbidden to meet with Rose again, who were separated for some time. Shakespeare’s, Romeo and Juliet, relates to the youth of today or situations that occur presently, in various ways. People fall in love every day; there are still families who dislike and argue over each other. Many people are forbidden from seeing someone that is close to them but they still meet secretly, just like Romeo and Juliet. Students whose families are not feuding with another can relate to having a conflict of interests with  their parents. For example, my best friend’s aunt, Tami, fell deeply in love with a man her father strongly disapproved of. Therefore, she secretly meets him without anyone knowing. In conclusion, the play, Romeo and Juliet demonstrates many themes that are portrayed throughout different parts of the play. Connections with different pieces of work that deal with music and films can be made clearly. Love Story, by Taylor Swift and James Cameron’s, Titanic, beautifully describes examples about the storyline of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet can be correlated with situations in life today, that teach us about love and mistakes some people make.

The Seismic Exploration Survey Information Technology Essay

The Seismic Exploration Survey Information Technology Essay Seismic surveys aims at measuring the earths geological properties employing various physics principles of electric, gravitational, thermal and elastic theories. It was first employed successfully in Texas and Mexico by a company named Seismos in 1924. Since then, many oil companies have used the services of seismology to forecast the presence of hydrocarbon. Major oil companies have actively researched in the seismic technology and this has also found applications in various other researches by scientists around the world. Seismic exploration surveys are method employed in exploration geophysics that uses principles of reflection seismology to estimate the subsurface properties. The method requires a controlled source of energy that can generate seismic waves and highly sensitive receivers that can sense the reflected seismic waves. The time delay in sending and receiving signals can optimally be used to calculate the depth of the formation. Since different formation layers have different densities, they reflect back seismic waves at different velocities. This aspect can be used to estimate the depth of the target formation, usually shale or other rock formations that can form a cap rock or contain oil. Seismic surveys form a part of the preliminary exploration surveys and form the basis for further study of the area under consideration. Seismic waves are a form of elastic waves. When these waves travel through the medium, it creates impedance. The impedance generated between two layers will be different due to density contrast and thus at boundaries, some waves are reflected while other travel through the formation. For this reason, seismic exploration surveys require optimum energy waves which can penetrate through kilometers deep inside the earth to gather data. Hundreds of channels of data are recorded using multiple transmitters and reflectors spread over thousands of meters. Each seismic survey uses a specific type of wave and its arrival pattern in multichannel record. Seismic waves are categorized as : Body waves P-waves S-waves Surface waves Rayleigh wave Love wave For seismic survey, S-wave or the shear wave is the main concern. Seismic waves can be generated by Vibroseis. It employs the use of heavy damping of weight on the surface that generate seismic waves in the subsurface. Alternatively explosives can also be used that can be dug inside the surface to a few meters. The explosion can generate seismic waves. In marine acquisition, streamers are used to gather data. Coil shooting is employed by streamers to gather data. Seismic acquisition has evolved over time and with better technologies in place, the reliability of seismic surveys has been increasing. The 4-D seismic technology being the newest addition to the seismic technology is based upon time varying solutions to the data gathered. The better the acquisition, better are the correspondence analysis. The various seismic acquisition techniques apply to where the survey is being carried out. Surveys have effectively been carried out on land, seas or transition zones. The various techniques applied are : 2-D Seismic Survey they employ the use of seismic maps based on time and depth. Various group of seismic lines are acquired at significant gaps between adjacent lines. 3-D Seismic Survey a cubical arrangement of different slices that is arranged using computer algorithms and can be viewed on software. For a 3-D survey, different surveys are carried out at closely spaced line locations over the area which can be combined to form a cube. 4-D Seismic Survey a relatively new technology, which is an alteration to the 3-D survey. It takes into account the changes happening in the subsurface strata over the production years. Thus it takes into account time as the fourth dimension. This can be very beneficial while determining the well locations in field development. Processing of seismic data is the most important aspect since it undermines the potential of the interpretation process. Processing has mainly been done through various analysis that are majorly mathematical functions fed into computers. A major part of processing is done simultaneously along with acquisition. The data collected can be demultiplexed, convoluted or deconvoluted. This has been dealt with further in the project. Seismic data processing uses the concepts of geometrical analysis and powerful techniques of fourier analysis. The digital filtering theory and practical applications of digital techniques to enhance the images of subsurface geology can virtually be applied to any information sampled in time. The basis aspects of processing is to recognize and remove noise from the signal, correct the Normal Move Out (NMO), and stacking of data to form a chart of seismic image that can be used for further study. Interpretation follows exploration and processing of data. The structural interpretation of seismic images determines all decisions in hydrocarbon exploration and production. Since drilling a well for exploration proves costly, maximum information is derived from the seismic data to establish an opinion about the probability of finding petroleum in the structures. However, drilling is required to verify whether the structures are petroleum rich or not. Thus the main challenge is to establish a model which includes geologically reasonable solutions. Computer-aided seismic interpretation has been of much interest in the later years. The use of unique and highly complicated software has been recommended by various petroleum organizations, which can serve high reliability. However, automating the whole seismic process is an impossible job due to high heterogeneity and varying contrasts between data sources in different parts of the world. Horizon tracking and autopicking is gaining interest among various researchers and developers. This has successfully not been sought as yet. This project is aimed to study the various problems faced in horizon tracking while trying to execute an automated seismic interpretation process. Horizon tracking is basically carried out through autotrackers which are either feature based or correlation based. Feature based looks for similar configuration while the correlation method is more robust and less sensitive to noise. However, tracking across discontinuities is a difficult job. Thus the project is aimed at finding a way to track horizon across fault lines. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SEISMIC EXPLORATION SURVEY Seismic exploration surveys in the field of oil and gas are an application of reflection seismology. It is a method to estimate the properties of the earths surface from reflected seismic waves. When a seismic wave travels through the rock surface it creates impedance. A wave travels through materials under the influence of pressure. Because molecules of the rock material is bound elastically to one another, the excess pressure results in a wave propagating through the solid. A seismic survey can reveal pockets of lower density material and their location. Although this cannot be guaranteed that oil can be found in these pockets, since the presence of water is also possible. Acoustic impedance is given by :- Z = pV ,where p density of the material and V acoustic velocity of wave Acoustic impedance is important in :- the determination of acoustic transmission and reflection at the boundary of two materials having different acoustic impedances. the design of ultrasonic transducers. assessing absorption of sound in a medium. Thus the acoustic impedance of each rock formation in the subsurface will be different due to different densities. This density contrast is helpful in tracking the waves in the subsurface and an acoustic impedance chart is obtained which is known as a seismic chart. However, the impedances recorded by the instruments on the surface is not correct due to noise and other factors that change the impedance factor of the wave. When a seimic wave is reflected off a boundary between two materials with different impedances, some energy is reflected while some continues through the boundary. The amplitude of this wave can be predicted by multiplying the amplitude of the incoming wave by the Seismic Reflection Coefficient, R. ,where Z1 and Z0 are impedances of the two rock formations. Similarly the amplitude of wave travelling through the formation can be determined using the Transmission Coefficient, T. ,where Z1 and Z0 are impedances of the two rock formations. By noting the changes in strength of the wave, we can infer the change in acoustic impedances and thus conclude the change in density and elastic modulus. This change can be used to notify the structural changes in the subsurface and thus predict the formation based upon impedances. It might also happen that when the seismic wave hits the boundary between two surfaces it will be reflected or bent. This is given by Snells Law. The reflection and transmission coefficients are found by applying the appropriate boundary conditions and using Zoeppritz equations. These are a set of equations which determine the partitioning of energy in a wavefield at a boundary across which the properties of rock or the fluid changes. They relate the amplitudes of P-waves and S-waves at each side of the surface. Zoeppritz equations have been useful in deriving workable approximations in Amplitude versus Offset (AVO). These studies attempt with some success to predict the fuid content in the rock formations. The parameters to be used for each seismic survey depends on various variables, including whether the survey is being carried out on land or a marine environment. Other geophysical issues such as sea depth, terrain also play a big role. Safety issues are also important. A Seismic Exploration Survey is broadly divided into three steps :- Seismic Data Acquisition Seismic Data Processing Seismic Data Interpretation Each step in the survey needs high reliability and complicated equipments that can deliver the best results. More often, based on these results, the drilling of exploration wells is based. Since drilling can prove costly, thus capital investment is one of the major concern of every company. The Seismic Exploration Survey can be shown as :- SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION Seismic data acquisition refers to collection of seismic data. The acquired data is further sent to a computer network where processing of data takes place. With better technologies, the prospect of better acquisition surveys have come into place. A generation and recording of seismic data requires :- Receiver configurations includes geophones of hydrophones in the case of marine acquisition. Transmitter configurations includes laying of transmitter as according to the survey configuration predecided. Orientation of streamers in case of marine surveys. Proper computer network to carry the information from receivers to the programming network. When a survey is conducted, seismic waves generated by dynamite or vibrators travel through the subsurface strata, which are in turn reflected or refracted. These reflected waves and their time to complete one interval is noted by the receivers. The receiver configuration has to be well determined so that maximum data can be collected over an area. ACQUISITION ON LAND In a typical land seismic acquisition process, the survey is planned in an attempt to minimize the terrain constraints. It basically includes the sensor layout scheme and the source development scheme. The source development scheme is used to configure the number of transmitters being used to send the signal down the surface. One or more transmitters can be used based on the programme employed. Similarily one or many receivers can be employed to collect the reflected waves data. The receiver configuration is an important aspect. The configuration can be in such a way that the closest receiver gathers only the high amplitude wave on the first line of receivers or it can be different based on the signal strength and seismic line survey. The data collected through receiver or geophones is converted to binary data that can is further handed over to the computer network for processing. MARINE ACQUISITION Marine acquisition involves processes such as :- Wide-Azimuth Marine Acquisition Azimuth surveys provide a step-change improvement in imaging of seismic data. These surveys provide illumination in complex geology and natural attenuation of some multiples. Azimuth shooting illustrates the acquisition of data in all directions. This acquisition technique can help in generating 3-D models. Coil Shooting this technique acquires marine seismic data while following a circular path by improving upon multi and wide azimuth techniques. This includes vessel steering, streamers and sources in a fashion which delivers greater range of azimuths. Sometime single-sensor recording while steering the vessel in different directions has proved to be more beneficial in case of noise attenuation and signal fidelity. Different seismic surveys can be classified as :- Two-dimensional Survey Three-dimensional Survey Four-dimensional Survey TWO DIMENSIONAL SURVEYS In such a survey seismic data is acquired simultaneously along a group of seismic lines which are differentiated with some gaps, usually 1 km or more. A 2-D survey contains many lines acquired orthogonally to the strike of the geological structures with a minimum number of lines acquired parallel to geological structures to allow line-to-line tying of the seismic data and interpretation and mapping of structures. This technique generates a 2-D cross-section of the deep seabed and is used primarily when initially reconnoitering for the presence of oil and gas reservoirs. THREE DIMENSIONAL SURVEYS Multiple streamers shoot on closely spaced lines. The seismic data gathered on close spacing, the 3-D seismic cube can be formed. This innovation requires use of high performance computers and advanced data processing techniques. The computer generated model can be analyzed in greater detail by viewing the model in vertical and horizontal time slices, or even an inclined section can be viewed. In a standard 3-D seismic survey, the streamers are placed at about 50-150 meters apart, each streamer being 6-8 kilometers long. Airguns are fired every10-20 seconds. However, many other objectives and economical constraints determine the specific acquisition parameters. FOUR DIMENSIONAL SURVEYS The 4-D survey is also called the time-lapse survey. It involves processing of repeated seismic surveys over an area of reservoir under production. The changes occurring in the reservoir due to production and injection can be determined overtime which further helps in field development of the reservoir. One important aspect of a 4-D survey is that there should be minimum difference in the position of the seismic lines when a repeated survey is done after sometime. Significant cost savings can be done by the use of 4-D surveys due to better planning and understanding of reservoir characteristics. DIFFERENT SHOT METHODS The common shot gather uses one transmitter source (vibroseis or explosives) and many receivers (geophones) places at some distance from the source. They geophones are placed at equal spacings from each other. Commom midpoint gather is the most widely used survey technique. It uses one transmitter placed at the midpoint exactly above the formation area to be surveyed. Receivers are set in all the directions surrounding the transmitter. Common offset gather uses multiple shot and receiving technique. Common receiver position gather, as the name states, has only on receiver. While the many shots are employed, the various seismic waves reflecting back to the receiver have different amplitudes and frequencies, thus can be varied and collected differently. COMMON MIDPOINT METHOD It was discovered that relection seismic sections can be improvised by repeated sampling of the subsurface formations using different travel paths of the seismic waves. This can easily be achieved by using commom midpoint method which states that increasing the spacing between source and receiver about a commom midpoint and generating duplicated data of the subsurface coverage. The processing of a common midpoint gather system requires sorting of data from the Commom Shot Gather into a Commom Midpoint Gather. The data collected is usually in the form : In this method, the inclination of the data occurs since the wavefronts reaching out to the receivers are at an inclined angle, this results in much larger raypath than the corresponding receiver placed close to the shot point. In order to use the recordings to a common depth point, one needs to correct the data for all the time travel distances. This is known as Normal Moveout Correction (NMO). After NMO, the summation of various wavepaths gives us a horizontal section at time travel equal to zero. This is known as time stacking procedure. After NMO correction the data is shown as :- SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING A reference seismic processing sequence is applied to input raw gathers to obtain reference seismic output data. A series of test seismic processing sequences are applied to the input raw gathers to obtain test seismic output data. The RMS value of the test seismic output data is normalized to that of the reference seismic output data on a trace by trace basis. The normalized difference between the test and the reference seismic output data is calculated on a sample by sample basis in the time domain and are displayed on color coded plots in the time scale format over the CDP range. Linear regression is performed for each CMP gather to obtain the stack and the zero offset calculated for each time index and the difference is recorded. The normalized differences between the error for the test and the reference sequences are calculated and displayed on color coded plots. The order of sensitivity for each processing step in the reference processing sequence is determined. If necessary, a ny processing step is rejected and the reference processing sequence is revised. 2 WELL-DRIVEN SEISMIC Integrating well data throughout the seismic workflow for superior imaging and inversion   Well-Driven Seismic (WDS) is the integration of borehole information throughout the surface-seismic workflow to provide better seismic images, more reliable stratigraphic interpretation, and greater confidence in global reservoir characterization. Wireline logs (compressional, shear, and density), VSPs, and surface-seismic data represent the elastic response of the earth at various resolution scales. A principle of the Well-Driven Seismic concept is that these data should be processed with respect to their mutual consistency, i.e., that the seismic data must tie with logs and VSPs in time and depth. The aim of the Well-Driven Seismic method is to involve all the available borehole information to optimize the entire seismic workflow to deliver seismic images of superior resolution (in time or depth) and calibrated prestack seismic amplitudes that are suitable for inversion and detailed seismic reservoir description.   Earth properties from logs, VSPs, and surface-seismic data   The Well-Driven Seismic workflow invokes new proprietary software and analysis techniques from WesternGeco and Schlumberger to derive an earth property model from the integrated analysis of wireline logs, VSPs, and surface-seismic data. The property model includes compressional and shear velocities, attenuation (Q) factors, VTI anisotropy parameters, and interbed multiple mechanisms, and is derived at the well location (or locations) and extended across the survey area in 3D. The 3D model is applied in the seismic processing sequence for true amplitude and phase recovery, deconvolution, multiple attenuation, anisotropic prestack time and depth imaging (including of converted-wave data), AVO analysis, and 4D processing.   WELL DATA FOR HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC IMAGING Well information can improve many key stages of the conventional seismic processing sequence. VSP data provide excellent discrimination of primary and multiple events, and are used to guide surface-seismic multiple attenuation processes. Furthermore, interbed multiple mechanisms identified in separated VSP wavefields are used as input to data-driven multiple attenuation processes, such as the WesternGeco Interbed Multiple Prediction (IMP). Inverse-Q operators derived from VSP data (and new methods for walkaway VSP data) can significantly improve seismic resolution. WesternGeco employs a proprietary deconvolution process that is constrained by the signal-to-noise level in the seismic data and by the well reflectivity to enhance further the seismic resolution. The calibrated anisotropic velocity model is vital for prestack time and depth migration (including of converted waves) to improve steep-dip imaging, lateral positioning of reflectors, signal-to-noise ratios, and seismic resoluti on.   OPTIMIZED WELL TIES The Well-Driven Seismic method optimizes the processing sequence and the processing parameters within that sequence to tie the seismic data to the wells. Attributes based on the well tie and on the quality of the extracted wavelets are used for deterministic seismic processing decisions. Space-adaptive wavelet processing corrects 3D seismic data to true zero phase between well locations, and stabilizes residual spatial wavelet variations.   BOREHOLE CALIBREATED SEIMIC INVERSION The Well-Driven Seismic approach provides greater sensitivity to seismically derived reservoir attributes through calibrated AVO or acoustic impedance inversion. The well data are particularly important for successful processing of seismic data for inversion. Compensation for the offset-dependent effects of Q, geometric spreading, transmission losses, and anisotropy are essential for processing data over very long offsets (where the strongest AVO expression of the reservoir may be visible). The method calibrates the AVO signatures in the prestack seismic data with the offset-dependent amplitude response synthesized from well logs and/or the response expressed in the walkaway VSP to provide assurance of the seismic processing sequence.   With the seismic processing sequence optimized for resolution and consistency with the well data, Well-Driven Seismic processing is a vital prerequisite for acoustic impedance or AVO inversion and subsequent reservoir characterization. AVO AND INVERSION Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) has been used extensively in hydrocarbon exploration over the past two decades. Traditional AVO analysis involves computation of the AVO intercept, gradient, and higher-order AVO term from a fit of P-wave reflection amplitude to the sine square of the angle of incidence. This fit is based on the approximate P-wave reflection coefficient formulation in intercept-gradient form, given by Bortfeld (1961) and Shuey (1985) among others. Under the assumption of a background PS velocity ratio, the AVO intercept and gradient values can also be combined to obtain additional AVO attributes such as pseudo-S-wave data, Poissons ratio contrast, and others. AVO intercept and pseudo-S-wave data are also used in conjunction with prestack waveform inversion (PSWI) in a hybrid inversion scheme. Hybrid inversion is a combination of prestack and poststack inversion methodologies. Such a combination allows efficient inversion of large data volumes in the absence of we ll information. Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO) inversion is a prestack technique that is readily applied to seismic gathers but which is still largely under-utilised in the exploration community despite its ability to effectively discriminate between fluid and lithology effects. AVO inversion is equally applicable to both 2D and 3D seismic data in time or depth providing that sufficient care has been taken to preserve amplitudes during processing. A reliable velocity model is also a critical component of the AVO process as accurate angle information is a prerequisite for AVO inversion. The more accurate the angles, the better the partitioning of amplitudes to P-wave and S-wave reflectivities. In addition, both angle and ray path information can be incorporated in a variety of model based amplitude corrections that are preferable and often more accurate than scalars derived from empirical equations. The inversion process is then performed, completing in about the same time as a conventional stack. The resulting outputs are a series of AVO reflectivity sections or volumes that are determined by the Zoeppritz approximation used. Fluid Factor is one of the most useful attributes derived from AVO inversion due its ability to make such distinctions and directly identify hydrocarbons. Multi-Measurement Reservoir Definition workflows include the following components: Reservoir Synthetic Modeling Forward modeling to generate pre-stack synthetics from geological models Anivec (prestack elastic modeling) Prestack Waveform Inversion (PSWI) Full waveform prestack inversion is a non-linear inversion process that estimates elastic model (Vp, Vs, and density) from prestack seismic data using a genetic algorithm. AVO Modeling and analysis AVO Conditioning Conditions angle band stacks prior to performing AVO analysis AVO Inversion Elastic impedance modeling and inversion from angle band cubes Space-adaptive Inversion Space adaptive wavelet processing and inversion to relative seismic impedance Elastic Impedance Inversion Combining low frequency trends with seismic relative inverted impedance cubes to generate absolute impedance Integrated Rock Physics Modeling Fluid and rock property analysis, modeling and substitution Rock Property Calibration Generating rock properties from seismic using transforms derived from petrophysical analysis of well data. The outputs are high-resolution absolute acoustic and shear impedance and density volumes consistent with the seismic data and the well-log data. The inverted elastic parameter volumes are used for detailed interpretation of lithofacies and pore-fluid content in the subsurface. Combined with rock physics modeling and rock property mapping through lithology classification and joint porosity-saturation inversion, the method provides a powerful tool for quantitative reservoir description and characterization. The results are the most-probable litho-class, porosity, and saturation with uncertainties of prediction at every sample point in the 3-D volume. SIGNAL PROCESSING Some elements of the seismic data processing sequence are virtually universal regardless of whether the intention is to perform  time  imaging,  depth  imaging,  multicomponent  imaging, or  reservoir  studies. Data conditioning and signal processing form the foundation of the seismic processing workflow. Signal processing encompasses a wide variety of technologies designed to address numerous challenges in the processing sequence: from data calibration and regularization through to noise attenuation, demultiple, and signal enhancement techniques. It includes Multiple Attenuation Signal Enhancement Data caliberation and regularization Noise Attenuation TIME PROCESSING Prestack time migration (PSTM) may not be the most sophisticated imaging method available, but it remains the most commonly used migration algorithm in use today. Kirchhoff PSTM combines improved structural imaging with amplitude preservation of prestack data in readiness for AVO, inversion, and subsequent reservoir characterization. Advances in this field also mean that time imaging, more than ever before, is an ideal first step in a  Depth Imaging  workflow, reducing the number of velocity model building iterations and decreasing overall turnaround time. It includes Imaging: Regularization, migration and datuming techniques   Statics portfolio   Velocities and moveout Enhanced Migration Amplitude Normalization DEPTH PROCESSING Depth Imaging is the preferred seismic imaging tool for todays most challenging exploration and reservoir-delineation projects. In areas of structural or seismic velocity model complexity, many of the assumptions underpinning traditional time-domain processing are invalid and can produce misleading results. Typical situations might be heavily faulted sequences or salt intrusions. In these cases, only the careful application of 3D prestack depth imaging can be relied on to accurately delineate geological structure, aiding risk assessment and helping operators to improve drilling success rates. TECHNOLOGY   From a technology perspective, high quality depth imaging has two main aspects: the ability to build detailed and accurate velocity models, coupled with a superior imaging algorithm. VELOCITY MODEL BUILDING Velocity Model Building is a key critical element in imaging the Earth. Tomography provides the best high resolution calibrated velocity and anisotropic Earth Models, powerful refraction tomographies detect shallow velocity anomalies. All those algorithms work with any acquisition configuration and can be applied to any geological setting. Also, these computer intensive algorithms are integrated with an interactive graphics environment for rapid and accurate quality control of the interim and final results. VECTOR PROCESSING Conventional seismic recording uses a single scalar measurement of pressure or vertical displacement throughout the 2D or 3D survey to derive images and models of the subsurface. Subsequent processing and inversion steps can be linked to the relative shear-wave contrasts in the subsurface using rock property relationships. However, sometimes it is impossible to meet a surveys seismic imaging or reservoir definition objectives using compressional (P) waves alone. SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION Computer aided interpretation is the mainstay of 3D seismic interpretation as the amount of data used is voluminous. The important services are:   IIWS (Intergrated Intelligence Workstation) based interpretation of 2D, 3D data     Structural mapping     Integrating seismic attributes with wireline, core and reservoir data for reservoir characterisation     Seismic modeling   3D visualisation and animation     Palinspastic restoration   Structural restoration is an established method by which to validate seismic interpretations. In addition, palinspastic reconstruction can help identify potential reservoir depocentres, enable the measurement of catchment areas at the time of hydrocarbon migration and lead to an improved understanding of complex hydrocarbon systems such as those in the deepwater. Restoration is achieved by the sequential backstripping of the present day depth model. Upon removal of each successive layer, the remaining surfaces within the model are adjusted to accoun

Bertrand Russell disagreed with Berkeleys argument Essay

George Berkeley was an Irish bishop and empiricist. His core philosophy was ‘esse est percipi’ this translates to, to be, is to be perceived. Berkeley believed that both primary and secondary objects were perceiver dependent believed that the world was not was not separate from the mind ergo; he was an immaterialist (we perceive things in the mind). He started his argument for empiricism by stating that in order for things to exist they must be perceived, due to holding this view point he thought that everything depends on the mind. This raises an immediate problem. If everything is perceiver dependent, what happens when an object is not being perceived? Does it simply pop out of existence? This argument does not seem coherent. This is due to the idea being an extremely irrational understanding of the world. The concept can also be disproved. This is because if we could put a video camera into a room and leave it so no one perceived the room and the objects in it and it would not disappear. Berkeley later added to his argument, as an attempt to solve this problem that no object is un-perceived. He claims objects do not disappear out of exist due to there being a constant perceiver, God. This is as God is omnipresent therefore, he always perceives the world. Thus objects do not pop out existence as they are constantly perceived. However by adding the existence of God to his argument it became weak. This is due to a huge assumption. This assumption is that God exists. There are many arguments both for and against God’s existence, such as the teleological argument and the problem of evil. It seems strange to base a theory of object’s existence on a being whose existence is unproven. Bertrand Russell disagreed with Berkeley’s argument for objects existences. Russell argued that if he was sat in his chair and his cat was in one corner of the room and he turned round on his chair and the cat was at the other side of the room, according to Berkeley there was only two possible ways this could have happened. Firstly the cat could have popped out of existence when Russell turned on his chair and then popped back into existence when he had turned back round. Or secondly, the cat could have walked across the room when he was turned on the chair due to God perceiving it. Russell claimed that these two possibilities were irrational and we could not use these two claims for the existence of objects.