Essay Can Science and Religion Co-exist - 1761 Words

Science and theology have diverged lines amongst several of the world’s phenomenon with the two greatest differences being human and world development. Although there are differences in the beliefs of these two groups, they are ultimately attempting to solve the same puzzles that consume the minds of members of both disciplines. In the end one might say, both disciplines are working to solve two different puzzles that may be really different, but ultimately are aspects of the same puzzle. Both the method and the aims of science and religion seem to be different. Science is considered to be more linked to the material aspect of all things, where religion is concerned with the spiritual. These are just two of the differences to be discussed†¦show more content†¦Religions are based on what myths the members believe to be true. Some examples of these sacred collections are the Bible and Koran. Christians following the Bible are told, through scripture, that the earth was created by God in six days. The Bible describes how God also created Adam and Eve who were the beginning of humankind. Being as these creations of God are believed to have occurred over 6,000 years ago and no harden proof of the creation is available, religious followers utilize the stories of the creations described in scripture as the basis for their beliefs. The estimate of the creation occurring over 6,000 years ago is determined by theologians using mathematical equations based on statements found in the bible (Deem, 2006). This brief description of God’s creation is the Christian belief of beginning of the world and mankind which is based upon spiritual concerns which strongly differs from that of the scientific belief. Scientists use the scientific method of research to develop theories. This method of research begins with a problem or question, then observation and research of the question is conducted. Following this research the scientists creates a hypothesis, or e ducated guess, of one definitive answer to the question. The scientist then conducts an experiment where he collects and analyzesShow MoreRelatedThe Scopes Monkey Trial1116 Words   |  5 PagesEver since science began to explain the previously unexplainable, it has caused conflicts with religion. The Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial of Dayton, Tennessee was one of the most talked about trials in history because it was one of the first and most publicized times that this conflict occurred. The trial showed the schism between the faithful fundamentalists and the newly formed group of evolutionists. Although the jury was reminded that they only had to decide if Scopes had broken the law, the verdictRead MoreEvolution Of Science And Religion1179 Words   |  5 PagesWhen comparing science and religion there has been a great rift. As long as humanity has believed in a creator there as always been thinkers trying to quantify and evaluate the truth behind religion, trying to disprove o r prove a supernatural force. The ancient Greeks were pioneering philosophers which started the great rift we see in the early development of scientific and quantified analysis. This was first started by Aristotle whuch believed that science was a process of trying to understandRead MoreThe Clash of Faith and Evidence1545 Words   |  6 PagesClash of Faith and Evidence History has shown that in the past, religion dominated as an explanation of knowledge and was used to explain many of the worlds mysteries such as why the sun rises and sets and how the world came to be. Science, using concrete and tested evidence, gave light to many of these mysteries and debunked the myths created from religion. In todays modern society, science has advanced in a remarkable fashion. Science has broken down objects into structured molecules, found theRead MoreA Sociological Study Of Religion1159 Words   |  5 PagesReligion is one of the most difficult topics in life, not to mention the oldest. People look for the ultimate truth to religion, which in my opinion leads to misguidance and a slant of science. I think this helps true believers find their way to a faith; it certainly helped me. Science does get carried away at times; however, it is good that people are questioning stories from the bible because then we can see how corrupt the world is. Why can t faith exist? Why does everything have to be blackRead MoreThe Controversial Theory Of Evolution1312 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the science world and the religious world regarding evolution. Some science and religious advocates agree that there is the possibility of both the scientific and religious beliefs on how the world came about co-exiting. However, some religious groups, like the Creationists completely disagree with the idea of evolution because of their total belief that everything came from a â€Å"divine creator†. Though there are conflicting views, the theory of evolution by natural selection can co-exist with theRead MoreAll Girls and All Boys - Should Schools Educate One Gender? Essay example647 Words   |  3 Pagesmany sayings and arguments. Also, other studies related, should be put into consideration. There are many more opinions that support single-sex education, others support co-education. Most world countries are following the opinion that says that coeduc ation is better and more effective than single sex education. Theoretically, co-educational process is more fruitful than single-sex education thats because of three main factors that affect greatly; firstly, the students behavior; secondly, the educationalRead MoreRelationship Between God and Creation720 Words   |  3 Pagesthink this is the image of human dignity. We can simplify this by saying that we are smarter than other creatures in this earth. In my opinion from a person who doesn’t have any religion, I don’t believe in this. Because I always believe that human has been developing in a long way of evolution, and now I just learnt a new conception which is god created human. It is really interesting but still I don’t believe it. Maybe I am a person of science, and yet I can be wrong but for right now I am faithfulRead MoreReligion vs. Science Essays730 Words   |  3 PagesReligion vs. Science The human mind is easily convinced on what the eyes tell the mind. If you see something in front of yourself, you might have an easier time believing, than if one was to tell a story. Religion is a story that has been told for thousands of years, and not till technology has ripened have scientists disproved many beliefs. It is now that mankind lets religion restrain the mind from portraying the truth about life. Some people claim that science does notRead MoreA Statement Of The Hebrew Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesDespite that material creation of temple is necessary, inauguration is also important part. Therefore Genesis 1 as an account of functional origins of the cosmos as temple. Some people think that more science can explain, than less God is necessary, and at some point God could become unwanted. However science is teleologically neutral, it is unable to say whether or not natural phenomena have a purpose. And since Genesis 1 is all about teleology, God is the one responsible for creation of everything .Read MoreA Brief Look at Scientology1054 Words   |  4 PagesScientology a cult? Scientology is a cult, or at least, as I would understand it to be in my mind. So, yes. However, the faculty and followers of the Church of Scientology refer to it as the fastest new religion the world has ever seen. Many past disciples of the Church of Scientology that left the so-called religion or cult say that they were harassed. Prospective new members go through a process called â€Å"auditing,† which is described from the website as a process in which, â€Å"one is able to look at one’s own

Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown - 1695 Words

Short story, Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is set in Puritan New England. Hawthorne uses symbolism, description, scenery, and Goodman’s journey to illustrate and symbolize the battle of good versus evil. In the first scene, we see how Young Goodman Brown leaves his wife, Faith, to start on his â€Å"evil† journey through the woods. Though Faith asks him to stay with her, he chooses to continue on even though he knows the evilness lies ahead. As the story continues, we see how Hawthorne uses Faith as not only Goodman’s wife, but as a symbol for his own religious belief. The further Brown travels into the woods, the darker and gloomier his surroundings become. He also uses the forest to introduce characters that represent evil or†¦show more content†¦And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap while she called to Goodman Brown† (Hawthorne). Here, the author clearly states that Faith was named after the concept of faith. This allows the reader to associate Goodman’s relationship with his wife Faith with his journey associated with his faith in God. â€Å"We ll, she s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven. (Hawthorne). He sees faith as â€Å"an angel on earth† and points out that he won’t wander again â€Å"after this one night†. This symbolizes the trouble he may face ahead and the â€Å"angel†/goodness he is walking away from. Goodman Brown always relies on his Faith when everything else in his life seems to be corrupted. As the story continues and Brown travels through the woods, he faces many obstacles and is tempted by many characters. â€Å"The young man sat a few moments by the roadside, applauding himself greatly, and thinking with how clear a conscience he should meet the minister in his morning walk, nor shrink from the eye of good old Deacon Gookin. And what calm sleep would be his that very night, which was to have been spent so wickedly, but so purely and sweetly now, in the arms of Faith!† (Hawthorne). In this part of the

Ancient Roman Meals Essay Example For Students

Ancient Roman Meals Essay Ancient Roman MealsThe ancient Romans were similar to todays generations in their eatinghabits but never ate three hearty meals a day. Ientaculum and prandium weremerely appetizers that filled their stomachs unitl the large cena, the eventthey look forward to since awakening. They had names for their meals similar toours, breakfast (ientaculum), lunch (prandium), and dinner (cena). Breakfast, ientaculum was usually taken about nine oclock and consistedof merely a few pieces of bread sprinkled in salt or dipped in wine, and with afew raisins and olives, and a little cheese added. The poorest Romans atelittle other than wheat either crushed to make a porridge or ground into flourfor bread. Lunch, or prandium was usually taken at noon. It was usually nothingmore than a piece of bread accompanied by cold meat, vegetables, and fruitwashed down with a glass of wine. Both ientaculum and prandium were so shortthere was no need to set the table or wash ones hands. The only serious meal was the evening dinner or cena. Dinner time waspractically the same for all Romans due to the lack of artificial light. Dinnerwas after the bath at the end of the eigth hour in winter and at the ninth insummer. The food is mostly cold,-breads, salads, olives, cheeses, and meatsremaing from last nights dinner. Occasionally, hot dishes such as ham and pigsheads are feasted upon. Some wealthy Romans would have as many as seven coursesto feed on. Trimalchio, a wealthy Roman would have a bronzed donkey with appetizerdishes of olives, stuffed dormice rolled in honey and poppy seed, hot sausageswere laid on a silver grill next to pomegranate and damson seeds. The guestswere still busy with the hors doeuvres when a tray would be brought in with abasket on it, in which there was a wooden hen spreading her wings. Under thestraw were Peahen eggs that would base passed out. Each egg contained a fatbecafico rolled up in spiced egg yolkf. There were plates with the twelve signsof Zodiac on them that had food matas ching the symbol, ram, bull, crab, figs,lion, etc. Some hosts would heat a wfshole pig and then entertain his guests byhaving skilled swordmen carve the pa fig like he was killing it. After eating,many guests would entertain each othed sfr in belching. It was consideredpolite to belch and release wind after a ni sce meal. Guests would simply snaptheir fingers and servants would come running with vases to contain urine. Spitting was also allowed on the floors of the triclinium. It is hard to imagine eating after a large dinner but dessert was next. In rich homes, dessert would be served after a bath and then led into a seconddining room where wine flowed like water. Dessert consisted of every kind offruit imaginable. Poppy-seed mixed with honey is a standard dish for dessertThe majority of the common Romans baked bread in public bakeries. Thestandard loaves are made very flat, about two inches thick, and marked withnotches on the top. There were three kinds of grains used to make bread. Coarse grain (panis sordidus) for the common people. Panis secundus for thehigher class and the very white and sweet siligincus for the rich. At feaststhere will be wonderful pastry castles and sweet cakes truly amazing with theuse of honey, chopped fruits, and nuts. Vegetables and fruits were plenitful in Rome. For many miles one couldsee gardens that send artichokes, asparagus, beans, beets, cucumber, lentils,melons, onions, peas, and pumpkins into the city. Garlic is also very popularin Roman dishes. Italy was an excellent fruit country and apples, pears, plums,grapes, and quinces were common in the markets. A wide selection of nutsincluding walnuts, filberts, and almonds were used in cooking and jsut plaineating. Peaches, apricots, cherries, and pomegranates were found in Rome butwere not as abundant. Salad greens were in great demand in Rome. .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .postImageUrl , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:hover , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:visited , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:active { border:0!important; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:active , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining EssayThe demand for meat in Rome was constantly increasing as the years wentby. Butcher shops became more popular which allowed poor people the opportunityto get meat. The poor people would buy goats flesh which was competely ignoredby finniky eaters. Beef was never really popular in Rome. Common people nevertasted beef unless it was presented at a sacrifice or great public festival. Even for the rich, beef was no real treat. Pork was always popular. Pork inall forms especially bacon and sausage was a treat to all Romans. Poultry wasin greater demand than meat. Coops full of common fowl, ducks, and geese wereon sale on every street corner. Hares, rabbits, venison, and wild boar werealso available. The butcher shops were far less important than the fish dealershops. Poor people would eat salt fish of pickled fish, from little sardines toslices of the big fish. Fresh fish was very hard to get in Rome. There are feweels and good pike available in Rome. The majority of the fish supply must bebrought from afar. Some sea-food would be transported still alive in smalltanks. Olive oil was not only food but also served the purpose of bathroom soap. It was a complete substitute for butter and made dry and moldy bread edible. It also was the basis for most perfumes and ointments. Practically every Romanhousehold had wine available. Beer and other drinks made from wheat and barleywere available and so were distilled liquors but they would never apear atItalian banquets like wine. Enormours vineyards were common in Rome. Guests were invited for dinner parties by the master during baths or byslave messenger. Out of pride, the master of the house would invite as many aspossible to dine with him and plenty of distinguished Roman citizens would havebeen happy to join in a family meal. Some hosts would invite many people butonly serve utensils and fine dishes to a select few. Some hosts would servewine to individuals based upon ones social status. This kind of discriminationmade some feel cheap and paltry. The standard size for a dinner party ws nine. Three couches, three guests to a coach meant for a single set of serving tablesand easy conversation. For larger parties, one must have more triclinia(couches). Rich Romans always served cena in a special room called a tricliniumwhose length was twice its width. Before the guests arrived, the master cookwas ordering his slaves in the kitched and a chamberlain (upper slave) wouldshout cleaning orders to lower slaves and whip them if they werent cleaningfast enough. A few signs of dirt before a party was a sign of disrespect toones guests. The Romans ate lying down resting on the left elbow. The eatingcouches had three reclining places. The reclining postition was consideredindispensible to dining comfort. The Roman women took their place next to theirman on the triclinia. The children ate sitting on stools in front of theirparents couches. Slaves reclined like their masters only on holidays and wouldusually eat in another room. Three sloping couches were placed around a square table with one sideleft open for serving. Blankets and pillows were arranged also on the couches. The couch of honor was that opposite the empty side of the table, (lectusmedius) and on it the most honorable position was the right hand one called theconsular. Next in honor came the couch to the left of the central couch calledthe lectus summus and the last couch on the right lectus imus. The guestreclined crosswise on their left elbow, their feet, which were without shoes hadbeen washed upon entrance. .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .postImageUrl , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:hover , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:visited , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:active { border:0!important; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:active , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Customer Service EssayAn usher (nomenclator) announced the guests and pointed them to theirassigned couch. Waiters (ministratores) brought in the dishes and the bowls andplaced them on the tables. The tables were very plain. No tableclothes butvery shiny surfaces. A preliminary course of gustatio was served to stimulatethe appetite. On silver dishes came eggs, crabs, salads, and mushrooms. Winewas served in embossed silver cups. Depending on how many courses were servedthe dinner would come out to the sweet sounds of a live flute band and a slavewould cut meat off the whole boar and serve it to the guests. Between eachcourse, water was passed and the guests washed their ha nds and put on a lightscented perfume on their hands. It was customary for guests to take a largenapkin and fill it with scraps for later. Finally, dessert came and the guestswere treated to beautiful pastrys, artificali oysters, dried grapes and almonds,and fruits. After the conclusion of the regular dinner, the guests would stay andshare stories around the drinking bowl. The guests would customarily take abath and then mix water with pure wine to dilute it. Spanish dancing girlswould then perform acrobatics, tumbling, and act out plays. The male guestsalso have the option of having orgy with the dancers. Drinking is done to allowthe tongue to loosen and give wisdom and advice. An offering was also given tothe gods. While servants were distribtuing wine, other servants were passingout flowered wreaths and perfume. The fragrant flowers were supposed to wardoff drunkeness. During all this talk and excitement, flute and harp playersplayed behind a curtain. Many banquets lasted eight or ten hours. They were divided into acts. After each main course, dancers and musicians performed while riddles were told,lotteries held, and tricks performed. Roman cooks spent much time and effortcooking for banquets and would even disguise one food as another. Cooks showedtheir skill by trying to fool the eye by making fish out of a sows belly,chicken out of pork, cakes made to look like boiled eggs, and doves out of ham. The presentation and display of the food was just as important as the taste.

Saint John Of The Cross Essays (1866 words) - Christianity, Religion

Saint John Of The Cross Saint John of the Cross - "I abandoned and forgot myself, laying my face on my Beloved; all things ceased; I went out from myself, leaving my cares forgotten among the lilies." John of the Cross is one of the acknowledged masters of mystical theology. It is thought among present day theologians that there is no other writer who has had a greater influence on Catholic spirituality than John of the Cross. He is a canonized saint of the Catholic Church and was made a Doctor of the Church because of his extreme influence on present day doctrine. His dedication as a leader in service is surpassed only by his deep faith in the workings of the Trinity through Jesus on earth as a model and the Holy Spirit as our guide to a life of spirituality. John of the Cross was born Juan de Yepes in 1542 to a poor family of Spanish nobility. When John was a boy, he attended a school for poor children, gaining a basic education, and the opportunity to learn skills from local craftsmen. When he was 17, John began to work at the Plague Hospital de la Concepcion, and its founder offered to let him attend the Jesuit College, so long as he did not neglect his hospital duties. From 1559 to 1563, John studied with the Jesuits, learning Latin, Greek, and other subjects. He was offered the chance to study for the secular priesthood, which would have given him material security, but he felt God was calling him to Religious life. At age 20, he entered the Carmelite Order, being clothed with the habit on February 24, 1563, and taking the name Juan de Santo Matia (John of Saint Matthias). He was ordained in 1567, and said his first Mass in Medina del Campo. During that trip, he first met Teresa of Avila, and she encouraged him to promote her reform among the men's Order. John spent much of his time working for the reformation of the Carmelite Order and in the overall service of others. However, there were said problems with his ideas of reform from certain members of his Order. On the night of December 2, 1577, a group of Carmelites, lay people, and men-at-arms broke into John's quarters, seized him, and took him away. The men led John away, handcuffed, and blindfolded, to a monastery in Toledo. John stood accused of being rebellious and as an overall threat to the Order. John would have to submit to the demands of the Order, or undergo severe punishment. Nonetheless, John refused to renounce the reform in which he so truly had faith. John was locked up in the monastery prison because of his strong convictions toward reform. He was placed in a windowless dark room of six by ten feet, with little light, and with little air. This hole of a cell was exposed to the terribly cold winter months and the suffocating heat of the summer months. This, aside for the beatings, the filth, the forced fasting, and the lice, made it an unfavorable situation for anyone. However, John did not see the situation as the rest of humanity would see it. John found the situation to be a blessing because he was able to remove all of his earthly needs and desires, and find the true place where God was hidden. God brought John his greatest joys in those times of pain and suffering. In a sense, the oppressors whom imprisoned John, gave him what he truly wanted. God. In time, John was able to escape the prison cell in which he was held by physically unscrewing the bolts on his door. Thought to be achieved miraculously by some, John was able to creep past the guards, climb down the wall, and regain his freedom. From the time of his escape until the time of his death, John devoted his life to the sharing and explaining of his experience of the Lord's grace and love. "Saint John of the Cross, in the darkness of your worst moments, when you were alone and persecuted, you found God. Help me to have faith that God is there especially in the times when God seems absent and far away. Amen." After his time in the monastery prison and his eventual escape, John was able to again take up his mission of reform far away from the conflicts and threats that impeded him prior. He never cared to go over the past

Comanche Territory Review Essay Example

Comanche Territory Review Paper Essay on Comanche Territory Comanche Territory in the jargon of the stringers (journalists to survey the events of direct, hot spots) is a no mans land, where there is a war. That area, which is quite specifically narrowed down to city or district where operators and reporters move on broken glass and they know that they are being watched by snipers. Above the heads and shells exploding shards of house-building meat rained from all sides. Comanche Territory the place where we ought rather to blame, and even for standing reportage meddle there not worth it. Comanche Territory this is the most critical, the most significant division between life and death. On Comanche Territory, as elsewhere, the death is palpable and it seems that her bony fingers hold you by the scruff of the neck like a kitten The territory of the Comanches. a book written by waves of memory and a place of glory Perez-Reverte less well-known Russian public as a military journalist. Skimp on the details of the Russian version of Wikipedia says: Arturo Perez-Reverte, since 1971, more than twenty years worked as a military reporter for the newspaper Pueblo and for television covered the armed conflicts that took place in Cyprus, Lebanon, Western Sahara, Libya. Mozambique, Angola, Yugoslavia and other countries territory, as the story of two journalists teaches. : Marquez operator and correspondent Barlesa, removing events of the war in the Balkans in the early 90s. Marquez that Barles gone through many wars, and not every veteran can boast so many hotspots where journalists visited. That Marquez that Barlesa war a kind of drug. Yes, they are distorted by the war but on the other and can not be. Yes, they are poisoned by war and the same can not be otherwise. I think both of them would fit perfectly Kaidanovsky monologue of Stalker, the one in which he says that without the Zone can not. This whole war one big war Barles about it not once repeat that over time, all fused together and everyone killed is similar to each other -. Is the likeness of Zone from the film Tarkovsky We will write a custom essay sample on Comanche Territory Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comanche Territory Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comanche Territory Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Marquez obsessed remove exploding bridge, and around bomb the bridge and turned the story. The explosion should occur at any moment, but so far this has not happened, Marquez and Barles remember what they had to go, what to see. The book has chernukha, but it does not look in the pages of shocking. She somehow objective or something. Close to the ideal of the journalist to show the naked truth, without any evaluation. There are pretentious, but not mean wrong, reasoning Marquez on the vile essence of all the wars that the engineer who invented clever bullet evening goes with his family to the movies, not even thinking about how his offspring tearing flesh (by the way, reminds vonnegutovskoe outrage, as the wife of the man who invented the atomic bomb (sugar), can teach children). Well, about politicians, analysts and interpreters sitting many miles from the front it will also be mentioned. Pour a bucket of bile Reverte and those who called at the rear for a day or two, and then writes trehsotstranichnye books about the war, believing that everyone understood. But those who for months climbs out of bullets with a heavy camera on his shoulder thats, well, damn, they did not understand. Interestingly, by t he way, that is not devoid of Reverte and self-irony: They preferred to spend money on election campaigns, recruit pyshnotelye beauties, order futurologists program to fund the transfer of the Who knows where or Code of Honor of the Perez- Reverte . I think he Reverte as a journalist thought that way about someone. By the way, in the book of many well-known journalistic names (well, maybe not all, but trust names loud for writing characters fraternity are present there). There is a book and an excellent fatalistic humor, without which, it seems no conceivable good humanist a book about the war: When Jorge together with the Mujahideen made his way through the outskirts of Kabul, near exploded Russian missile, and four dead Afghans wave thrown directly at him, but at the very Jorge was not a scratch, but it was necessary to bear in mind that Jorge was a correspondent for the Spanish office. Vatican Radio and, so as to notice, Efe agency reports Enrique Ibanez, puffing on his old pipe, which he gave Arafat in Beirut should not attach much importance fluke that took place with Jorge they provided his firm . In general, a great book. Read in flight. Reverte dedicated this book to three journalists, with whom he worked in his time. But in fact it is a dedication to all the stringers of the past, present and future. Beautiful work of showing these people, without unnecessary embellishment (although, frankly, fatal charm in their description is, but maybe its just my personal perception? Im honestly wanted to be a stringer). They are all neurotic, sick in the head, with a bunch of social and personal problems. And they all rush to war again, as if he could not get away with it. But what is important is the product shows military journalists are not geeks and those bastards what they love to vilify public opinion. After all, true or times have you heard someone cursing these freaks, picks up a better man with guts Turned? Indeed, pick a frame better. And why? Yes, because they are doing their job, and do it professionally. And it is right. They do not need to rush to the aid of (but do), because I wish to save one wants to save ev eryone and I understand in this case, his helplessness it is better to get their hands on. In addition, each of them, even if it is for long dollar came to the forefront, it is that good and for a good picture ready paid with his life. Or rather not that ready, but that that is the declared price. Dying is something no one is ready. But it is necessary. I have a book, as can be seen from the ranting, like. In some way, reminded, The Rum Diary Hunter S. Thompson. After all, both of these books about journalistic tribe, as the tribe eternal Jews, wandering, vagabond, without shelter. The final book in the open. The reader can dream up whether heroes sweep zone perebegt:. Again shell forty-nine seconds, not yet settled its last fragments as Barles put a hand on his shoulder Marquez well see he said Where is it there -? I do not know there Marquez laughed his raspy laugh of aged ratchet then they jumped up and ran down the road. But, unfortunately, for the paragraph before Barles says the modified phrase from the movie blade Runner, They waited for the next shot and forty-two seconds s Well, Ive lived a good life thought Barles How is it out there, I saw something that does not see you, burned the ships of the Orion, and hid the sun at bay Tannhà ¤user ..? When we get back, do not forget to change batteries in Sony and wash a pair of dirty shirts that are lying in a hotel. Barles Marquez looked at trying to guess what he is thinking before you get up and running under fire. In the original it reads: Ive seen things in that you people would not believe. Warships, burning up on the shoulder of Orion. I saw B bimz, glittering in the dark near Tannhà ¤user Gate. And all these moments will be lost, will dissolve in time, like tears with rain drops. Time to die and seen the final book -. It is time to die Marquez and Barlesu, they pulled my ticket, now their turn and theres nothing you can do about it (a bout the three reasons for which are killed journalists in war just as it is written in the book and the ticket . - the main and indisputable one) even if you, the reader, decide to have mercy and let Marquez and Barlesu survive, remember: Robert Kapp hit a mine, Musa Jalil executed in a Nazi camp Jose Couso Shot American tank, Paul Moran blown up by a suicide bomber and a lot of T.. ex who does not reloaded a new cassette tape, a memory card. And all of them, and the subject of this book.

Summary of Jean-Paul Sartres Contributions to Philosophy Essays

Summary of Jean-Paul Sartre's Contributions to Philosophy Essays Summary of Jean-Paul Sartre's Contributions to Philosophy Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980) was a philosopher among other vocations (including novelist, playwright, and literary critic) and was also at the forefront of 20th century French philosophy and Marxism but is mainly considered an existentialist and is a key figure in that area of philosophy. At the outset Sartre?s philosophy was influenced by Edmund Husserl, the phenomenological movement and the idea that consciousness is about objects rather than creating within it an inner representation of the object, but he expands on these ideas and gives his own spin as his body of works grows. In 1938 Sartre published one of his earliest and most well-known works is La Naus?e (Nausea) which depicts a frustrated historian (Antoine Roquentin) who feels nausea as a result of his struggle to define himself despite the distractions of inanimate objects and situations which he believes detract from that goal, end he even fears whether his existence is a figment of the imagination. This novel is often considered a manifesto of existentialism and is sometimes seen as one of the canonical works of the movement. It brings up questions of existence, objects in relation to consciousness, freedom, and the meaning of life. Shortly after publishing this work Sartre also wrote an essay called The Transcendence of the Ego in which he expanded on the idea that objects exist independently from our consciousness of them and added the idea that a person?s ego is itself an object of consciousness to be discovered. His main existentialist work however is called Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology and was published in 1943. Its writing was spurred but Sartre?s reflections as a result of reading Martin Heidegger?s Being and Time, an ontological work from a phenomenologist perspective, which prompted Sartre?s subtitle for his work. He analyzes and criticizes the works of other philosophers and uses these to summarize his theory of being, consciousness and phenomena. One of Sartre?s most original contributions to metaphysics is found in this work and is his concept of ?nothingness? and the idea that it is essential to being. He also talks about ?being? in two sense using Hegel?s terminology (pour-soi/for-itself, and en-soi/in-itself) and talks about the in-itself existing independently and transcending the for-itself.

Food and Agriculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food and Agriculture - Essay Example Also, the introduction of rapid growth chemicals has been applied to these resources. Upon first impression, these advancements seem to be miracles and wonders of science that would easily cater to vast growing populations that need to be fed. In his study, Altieri (2000) posited that â€Å"evidence indicates, however, that excessive reliance on monoculture farming and agro-industrial inputs, such as capital-intensive technology, pesticides, and chemical fertilizers, has negatively impacted the environment and rural society.† Monoculture, which is the agricultural process of growing a single certain crop over a wide expanse of land, has been used by many industrial farms that have been maintained through the use of huge amounts of chemicals to operate for either pesticides or artificial growth of crops. These chemicals have negative effects to the health of people after being ingested from the agricultural produce. It should also be taken into consideration that the landscaping of monoculture farms and their activities break the natural process of the environment around it through the artificial soil cultivation methods, as well as the tearing down of natural habitats for crop cultivation. Combining all these effec ts, modern ways of agriculture pose negative health issues to human beings, as much as it damages the natural

Historical english paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Historical english - Research Paper Example Thou, as used in the play, has a meaning of the second person pronoun in the singular form. It is in its archaic form as it has been currently replaced by ‘you’. It is in the normative form. Its oblique or objective form is ‘thee,’ whereas the possessive form is ‘thine.’ The word following it in the sentence is ‘done,’ which begins with a consonant letter. ‘Thou’ was originally a singular counterpart of ‘ye’, a pronoun, which traces its origin in the Ancient Indo-Europe. Due to the language progress in the Indo-Europe, the word was later adapted and used in the expression of intimacy, disrespect, as well as familiarity. The word has been used in the inquisitive sentence by Horner to Quack. As stated, the word has been used in asking a question. It is preceded by the word, ‘hast’, which is also an archaic word. This is one of the common features of archaic words. In this case, Horner is using a commanding tone in asking the question to his colleague. This is a proof that the word is mainly used or applied in making interrogations, or in interrogating sentences. Using it in a sentence, especially in a play, implies direct approach of a particular character on the other. In general, the author of the play has used the word to succeed in the achievement of commanding tone in this section of the play. The tone is necessary for the smooth continuation or enhancement of the play’s plot. It is also a depiction of the relationship existing between the speaker, Horner and the addressee, Quack. Considering the general flow of the play and the character roles in the play, Horner is portrayed as a leader, a charismatic individual and a more aggressive person compared to many other characters in the play. Another instance where the word has been used is by Horner talking to Har. â€Å"But why shouldst thou be afraid†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wycherley 26). The second word in the

William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet Essay â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† Many people all over the world have heard the expression from William Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet. The tragedy is about two star crossed lovers who are born into two different families, Juliet’s family, the Capulets and Romeo’s family, the Montague’s. The families have an ancient grudge. Due to this family feud, many drastic events take place involving deceit, sorrow, sacrifice and pain, resulting in the death of both Romeo and Juliet, along with their love. Romeo and Juliet is full of situations and themes to which students are able to relate: friendship, betrayal, feuds, conflict with parents, young love, religion, adolescent hormones, a lack of perspective, desperation, and conflicting loyalties. In this essay, several themes will be connected to Romeo and Juliet using music and cinema, as well as to my life and situations that occur in life or the world. One of the reoccurring themes in Romeo and Juliet is love. The concept of love is portrayed in various parts of the play. The play actually focuses on love and emphasizes how two, innocent lovers endure the pain they go through, what they have to sacrifice and what they do just to keep themselves together. Many references to Romeo and Juliet appear in movies, pop songs, and art frequently. Taylor Swift refers to the play in her hit song, â€Å"Love Story.† Love Story is a song based upon love, and, reflects a story about how two people meet and fall deeply in love which also connects to the theme of family feuding. However, the girl’s father does not approve of the boy and warns the two to keep a steady distance from each other. In Swifts, Love Story†, line (8) says: Little did I know that you were Romeo, you were throwing pebbles and my daddy said, Stay away from Juliet. Based on this piece of the song, it can be related to Juliet’s father warning Romeo to stay away from his daughter and that he would never allow her to be with him. Another example is in lyrics, 17-20 which say: â€Å"So I sneak out to the garden to see you, we keep quiet cause were dead if they knew, so close your eyes, escape this town for a little while.† This line of the song can be strongly connected with the family feud between the Capulets and Montagues. Romeo and Juliet loved each other dearly; however, their families had powerful hate for one another. Therefore, in order for the two lovers  to keep contact with each other, they had to sneak out and meet in various places due to their undeniable love, such as the balcony, Friar Lawrence’s cell, etc. However, the ending of the song is different with the ending of the play. The ending of the song is one that is full of happiness as opposed to the ending of the play which has a melancholy ending. James Cameron’s hit movie, Titanic, also depicts the love two people have for each other and what they endure through it. Titanic is a 1997 American, epic, romantic, disastrous film between a man and woman of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill-fated maiden voyage. Even though, Titanic is an example of melodrama and Romeo and Juliet is an example of dramatic literature, they both connect with one another according to the theme of love, separation, and family feuds. In Titanic, Rose and Jack withstand forbidden/ socially unacceptable love. Rose Bukater is a wealthy woman and comes from a family with upper class. On the other hand, Jack Dawson is a poor man, who does not have much to offer to Rose. Therefore, Rose’s mother forbids her to stop meeting Jack since they will never be of the same kind. This can be connected to the family feud of Romeo and Juliet, between the Montagues and Capulets as they also forbid their son and daughter from seeing each other. Another example of how Titanic ties in with the theme of parting in Romeo and Juliet is when both couples (Rose and Jack and Romeo and Juliet) are separated from one another for a short period of time by fate or circumstances beyond their control. In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is banished from Verona for killing Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin. On the other hand, in Titanic, Jack is framed as a thief for â€Å"stealing† a diamond necklace that belonged to Rose. Due to this, Jack was forbidden to meet with Rose again, who were separated for some time. Shakespeare’s, Romeo and Juliet, relates to the youth of today or situations that occur presently, in various ways. People fall in love every day; there are still families who dislike and argue over each other. Many people are forbidden from seeing someone that is close to them but they still meet secretly, just like Romeo and Juliet. Students whose families are not feuding with another can relate to having a conflict of interests with  their parents. For example, my best friend’s aunt, Tami, fell deeply in love with a man her father strongly disapproved of. Therefore, she secretly meets him without anyone knowing. In conclusion, the play, Romeo and Juliet demonstrates many themes that are portrayed throughout different parts of the play. Connections with different pieces of work that deal with music and films can be made clearly. Love Story, by Taylor Swift and James Cameron’s, Titanic, beautifully describes examples about the storyline of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet can be correlated with situations in life today, that teach us about love and mistakes some people make.

The Seismic Exploration Survey Information Technology Essay

The Seismic Exploration Survey Information Technology Essay Seismic surveys aims at measuring the earths geological properties employing various physics principles of electric, gravitational, thermal and elastic theories. It was first employed successfully in Texas and Mexico by a company named Seismos in 1924. Since then, many oil companies have used the services of seismology to forecast the presence of hydrocarbon. Major oil companies have actively researched in the seismic technology and this has also found applications in various other researches by scientists around the world. Seismic exploration surveys are method employed in exploration geophysics that uses principles of reflection seismology to estimate the subsurface properties. The method requires a controlled source of energy that can generate seismic waves and highly sensitive receivers that can sense the reflected seismic waves. The time delay in sending and receiving signals can optimally be used to calculate the depth of the formation. Since different formation layers have different densities, they reflect back seismic waves at different velocities. This aspect can be used to estimate the depth of the target formation, usually shale or other rock formations that can form a cap rock or contain oil. Seismic surveys form a part of the preliminary exploration surveys and form the basis for further study of the area under consideration. Seismic waves are a form of elastic waves. When these waves travel through the medium, it creates impedance. The impedance generated between two layers will be different due to density contrast and thus at boundaries, some waves are reflected while other travel through the formation. For this reason, seismic exploration surveys require optimum energy waves which can penetrate through kilometers deep inside the earth to gather data. Hundreds of channels of data are recorded using multiple transmitters and reflectors spread over thousands of meters. Each seismic survey uses a specific type of wave and its arrival pattern in multichannel record. Seismic waves are categorized as : Body waves P-waves S-waves Surface waves Rayleigh wave Love wave For seismic survey, S-wave or the shear wave is the main concern. Seismic waves can be generated by Vibroseis. It employs the use of heavy damping of weight on the surface that generate seismic waves in the subsurface. Alternatively explosives can also be used that can be dug inside the surface to a few meters. The explosion can generate seismic waves. In marine acquisition, streamers are used to gather data. Coil shooting is employed by streamers to gather data. Seismic acquisition has evolved over time and with better technologies in place, the reliability of seismic surveys has been increasing. The 4-D seismic technology being the newest addition to the seismic technology is based upon time varying solutions to the data gathered. The better the acquisition, better are the correspondence analysis. The various seismic acquisition techniques apply to where the survey is being carried out. Surveys have effectively been carried out on land, seas or transition zones. The various techniques applied are : 2-D Seismic Survey they employ the use of seismic maps based on time and depth. Various group of seismic lines are acquired at significant gaps between adjacent lines. 3-D Seismic Survey a cubical arrangement of different slices that is arranged using computer algorithms and can be viewed on software. For a 3-D survey, different surveys are carried out at closely spaced line locations over the area which can be combined to form a cube. 4-D Seismic Survey a relatively new technology, which is an alteration to the 3-D survey. It takes into account the changes happening in the subsurface strata over the production years. Thus it takes into account time as the fourth dimension. This can be very beneficial while determining the well locations in field development. Processing of seismic data is the most important aspect since it undermines the potential of the interpretation process. Processing has mainly been done through various analysis that are majorly mathematical functions fed into computers. A major part of processing is done simultaneously along with acquisition. The data collected can be demultiplexed, convoluted or deconvoluted. This has been dealt with further in the project. Seismic data processing uses the concepts of geometrical analysis and powerful techniques of fourier analysis. The digital filtering theory and practical applications of digital techniques to enhance the images of subsurface geology can virtually be applied to any information sampled in time. The basis aspects of processing is to recognize and remove noise from the signal, correct the Normal Move Out (NMO), and stacking of data to form a chart of seismic image that can be used for further study. Interpretation follows exploration and processing of data. The structural interpretation of seismic images determines all decisions in hydrocarbon exploration and production. Since drilling a well for exploration proves costly, maximum information is derived from the seismic data to establish an opinion about the probability of finding petroleum in the structures. However, drilling is required to verify whether the structures are petroleum rich or not. Thus the main challenge is to establish a model which includes geologically reasonable solutions. Computer-aided seismic interpretation has been of much interest in the later years. The use of unique and highly complicated software has been recommended by various petroleum organizations, which can serve high reliability. However, automating the whole seismic process is an impossible job due to high heterogeneity and varying contrasts between data sources in different parts of the world. Horizon tracking and autopicking is gaining interest among various researchers and developers. This has successfully not been sought as yet. This project is aimed to study the various problems faced in horizon tracking while trying to execute an automated seismic interpretation process. Horizon tracking is basically carried out through autotrackers which are either feature based or correlation based. Feature based looks for similar configuration while the correlation method is more robust and less sensitive to noise. However, tracking across discontinuities is a difficult job. Thus the project is aimed at finding a way to track horizon across fault lines. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SEISMIC EXPLORATION SURVEY Seismic exploration surveys in the field of oil and gas are an application of reflection seismology. It is a method to estimate the properties of the earths surface from reflected seismic waves. When a seismic wave travels through the rock surface it creates impedance. A wave travels through materials under the influence of pressure. Because molecules of the rock material is bound elastically to one another, the excess pressure results in a wave propagating through the solid. A seismic survey can reveal pockets of lower density material and their location. Although this cannot be guaranteed that oil can be found in these pockets, since the presence of water is also possible. Acoustic impedance is given by :- Z = pV ,where p density of the material and V acoustic velocity of wave Acoustic impedance is important in :- the determination of acoustic transmission and reflection at the boundary of two materials having different acoustic impedances. the design of ultrasonic transducers. assessing absorption of sound in a medium. Thus the acoustic impedance of each rock formation in the subsurface will be different due to different densities. This density contrast is helpful in tracking the waves in the subsurface and an acoustic impedance chart is obtained which is known as a seismic chart. However, the impedances recorded by the instruments on the surface is not correct due to noise and other factors that change the impedance factor of the wave. When a seimic wave is reflected off a boundary between two materials with different impedances, some energy is reflected while some continues through the boundary. The amplitude of this wave can be predicted by multiplying the amplitude of the incoming wave by the Seismic Reflection Coefficient, R. ,where Z1 and Z0 are impedances of the two rock formations. Similarly the amplitude of wave travelling through the formation can be determined using the Transmission Coefficient, T. ,where Z1 and Z0 are impedances of the two rock formations. By noting the changes in strength of the wave, we can infer the change in acoustic impedances and thus conclude the change in density and elastic modulus. This change can be used to notify the structural changes in the subsurface and thus predict the formation based upon impedances. It might also happen that when the seismic wave hits the boundary between two surfaces it will be reflected or bent. This is given by Snells Law. The reflection and transmission coefficients are found by applying the appropriate boundary conditions and using Zoeppritz equations. These are a set of equations which determine the partitioning of energy in a wavefield at a boundary across which the properties of rock or the fluid changes. They relate the amplitudes of P-waves and S-waves at each side of the surface. Zoeppritz equations have been useful in deriving workable approximations in Amplitude versus Offset (AVO). These studies attempt with some success to predict the fuid content in the rock formations. The parameters to be used for each seismic survey depends on various variables, including whether the survey is being carried out on land or a marine environment. Other geophysical issues such as sea depth, terrain also play a big role. Safety issues are also important. A Seismic Exploration Survey is broadly divided into three steps :- Seismic Data Acquisition Seismic Data Processing Seismic Data Interpretation Each step in the survey needs high reliability and complicated equipments that can deliver the best results. More often, based on these results, the drilling of exploration wells is based. Since drilling can prove costly, thus capital investment is one of the major concern of every company. The Seismic Exploration Survey can be shown as :- SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION Seismic data acquisition refers to collection of seismic data. The acquired data is further sent to a computer network where processing of data takes place. With better technologies, the prospect of better acquisition surveys have come into place. A generation and recording of seismic data requires :- Receiver configurations includes geophones of hydrophones in the case of marine acquisition. Transmitter configurations includes laying of transmitter as according to the survey configuration predecided. Orientation of streamers in case of marine surveys. Proper computer network to carry the information from receivers to the programming network. When a survey is conducted, seismic waves generated by dynamite or vibrators travel through the subsurface strata, which are in turn reflected or refracted. These reflected waves and their time to complete one interval is noted by the receivers. The receiver configuration has to be well determined so that maximum data can be collected over an area. ACQUISITION ON LAND In a typical land seismic acquisition process, the survey is planned in an attempt to minimize the terrain constraints. It basically includes the sensor layout scheme and the source development scheme. The source development scheme is used to configure the number of transmitters being used to send the signal down the surface. One or more transmitters can be used based on the programme employed. Similarily one or many receivers can be employed to collect the reflected waves data. The receiver configuration is an important aspect. The configuration can be in such a way that the closest receiver gathers only the high amplitude wave on the first line of receivers or it can be different based on the signal strength and seismic line survey. The data collected through receiver or geophones is converted to binary data that can is further handed over to the computer network for processing. MARINE ACQUISITION Marine acquisition involves processes such as :- Wide-Azimuth Marine Acquisition Azimuth surveys provide a step-change improvement in imaging of seismic data. These surveys provide illumination in complex geology and natural attenuation of some multiples. Azimuth shooting illustrates the acquisition of data in all directions. This acquisition technique can help in generating 3-D models. Coil Shooting this technique acquires marine seismic data while following a circular path by improving upon multi and wide azimuth techniques. This includes vessel steering, streamers and sources in a fashion which delivers greater range of azimuths. Sometime single-sensor recording while steering the vessel in different directions has proved to be more beneficial in case of noise attenuation and signal fidelity. Different seismic surveys can be classified as :- Two-dimensional Survey Three-dimensional Survey Four-dimensional Survey TWO DIMENSIONAL SURVEYS In such a survey seismic data is acquired simultaneously along a group of seismic lines which are differentiated with some gaps, usually 1 km or more. A 2-D survey contains many lines acquired orthogonally to the strike of the geological structures with a minimum number of lines acquired parallel to geological structures to allow line-to-line tying of the seismic data and interpretation and mapping of structures. This technique generates a 2-D cross-section of the deep seabed and is used primarily when initially reconnoitering for the presence of oil and gas reservoirs. THREE DIMENSIONAL SURVEYS Multiple streamers shoot on closely spaced lines. The seismic data gathered on close spacing, the 3-D seismic cube can be formed. This innovation requires use of high performance computers and advanced data processing techniques. The computer generated model can be analyzed in greater detail by viewing the model in vertical and horizontal time slices, or even an inclined section can be viewed. In a standard 3-D seismic survey, the streamers are placed at about 50-150 meters apart, each streamer being 6-8 kilometers long. Airguns are fired every10-20 seconds. However, many other objectives and economical constraints determine the specific acquisition parameters. FOUR DIMENSIONAL SURVEYS The 4-D survey is also called the time-lapse survey. It involves processing of repeated seismic surveys over an area of reservoir under production. The changes occurring in the reservoir due to production and injection can be determined overtime which further helps in field development of the reservoir. One important aspect of a 4-D survey is that there should be minimum difference in the position of the seismic lines when a repeated survey is done after sometime. Significant cost savings can be done by the use of 4-D surveys due to better planning and understanding of reservoir characteristics. DIFFERENT SHOT METHODS The common shot gather uses one transmitter source (vibroseis or explosives) and many receivers (geophones) places at some distance from the source. They geophones are placed at equal spacings from each other. Commom midpoint gather is the most widely used survey technique. It uses one transmitter placed at the midpoint exactly above the formation area to be surveyed. Receivers are set in all the directions surrounding the transmitter. Common offset gather uses multiple shot and receiving technique. Common receiver position gather, as the name states, has only on receiver. While the many shots are employed, the various seismic waves reflecting back to the receiver have different amplitudes and frequencies, thus can be varied and collected differently. COMMON MIDPOINT METHOD It was discovered that relection seismic sections can be improvised by repeated sampling of the subsurface formations using different travel paths of the seismic waves. This can easily be achieved by using commom midpoint method which states that increasing the spacing between source and receiver about a commom midpoint and generating duplicated data of the subsurface coverage. The processing of a common midpoint gather system requires sorting of data from the Commom Shot Gather into a Commom Midpoint Gather. The data collected is usually in the form : In this method, the inclination of the data occurs since the wavefronts reaching out to the receivers are at an inclined angle, this results in much larger raypath than the corresponding receiver placed close to the shot point. In order to use the recordings to a common depth point, one needs to correct the data for all the time travel distances. This is known as Normal Moveout Correction (NMO). After NMO, the summation of various wavepaths gives us a horizontal section at time travel equal to zero. This is known as time stacking procedure. After NMO correction the data is shown as :- SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING A reference seismic processing sequence is applied to input raw gathers to obtain reference seismic output data. A series of test seismic processing sequences are applied to the input raw gathers to obtain test seismic output data. The RMS value of the test seismic output data is normalized to that of the reference seismic output data on a trace by trace basis. The normalized difference between the test and the reference seismic output data is calculated on a sample by sample basis in the time domain and are displayed on color coded plots in the time scale format over the CDP range. Linear regression is performed for each CMP gather to obtain the stack and the zero offset calculated for each time index and the difference is recorded. The normalized differences between the error for the test and the reference sequences are calculated and displayed on color coded plots. The order of sensitivity for each processing step in the reference processing sequence is determined. If necessary, a ny processing step is rejected and the reference processing sequence is revised. 2 WELL-DRIVEN SEISMIC Integrating well data throughout the seismic workflow for superior imaging and inversion   Well-Driven Seismic (WDS) is the integration of borehole information throughout the surface-seismic workflow to provide better seismic images, more reliable stratigraphic interpretation, and greater confidence in global reservoir characterization. Wireline logs (compressional, shear, and density), VSPs, and surface-seismic data represent the elastic response of the earth at various resolution scales. A principle of the Well-Driven Seismic concept is that these data should be processed with respect to their mutual consistency, i.e., that the seismic data must tie with logs and VSPs in time and depth. The aim of the Well-Driven Seismic method is to involve all the available borehole information to optimize the entire seismic workflow to deliver seismic images of superior resolution (in time or depth) and calibrated prestack seismic amplitudes that are suitable for inversion and detailed seismic reservoir description.   Earth properties from logs, VSPs, and surface-seismic data   The Well-Driven Seismic workflow invokes new proprietary software and analysis techniques from WesternGeco and Schlumberger to derive an earth property model from the integrated analysis of wireline logs, VSPs, and surface-seismic data. The property model includes compressional and shear velocities, attenuation (Q) factors, VTI anisotropy parameters, and interbed multiple mechanisms, and is derived at the well location (or locations) and extended across the survey area in 3D. The 3D model is applied in the seismic processing sequence for true amplitude and phase recovery, deconvolution, multiple attenuation, anisotropic prestack time and depth imaging (including of converted-wave data), AVO analysis, and 4D processing.   WELL DATA FOR HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC IMAGING Well information can improve many key stages of the conventional seismic processing sequence. VSP data provide excellent discrimination of primary and multiple events, and are used to guide surface-seismic multiple attenuation processes. Furthermore, interbed multiple mechanisms identified in separated VSP wavefields are used as input to data-driven multiple attenuation processes, such as the WesternGeco Interbed Multiple Prediction (IMP). Inverse-Q operators derived from VSP data (and new methods for walkaway VSP data) can significantly improve seismic resolution. WesternGeco employs a proprietary deconvolution process that is constrained by the signal-to-noise level in the seismic data and by the well reflectivity to enhance further the seismic resolution. The calibrated anisotropic velocity model is vital for prestack time and depth migration (including of converted waves) to improve steep-dip imaging, lateral positioning of reflectors, signal-to-noise ratios, and seismic resoluti on.   OPTIMIZED WELL TIES The Well-Driven Seismic method optimizes the processing sequence and the processing parameters within that sequence to tie the seismic data to the wells. Attributes based on the well tie and on the quality of the extracted wavelets are used for deterministic seismic processing decisions. Space-adaptive wavelet processing corrects 3D seismic data to true zero phase between well locations, and stabilizes residual spatial wavelet variations.   BOREHOLE CALIBREATED SEIMIC INVERSION The Well-Driven Seismic approach provides greater sensitivity to seismically derived reservoir attributes through calibrated AVO or acoustic impedance inversion. The well data are particularly important for successful processing of seismic data for inversion. Compensation for the offset-dependent effects of Q, geometric spreading, transmission losses, and anisotropy are essential for processing data over very long offsets (where the strongest AVO expression of the reservoir may be visible). The method calibrates the AVO signatures in the prestack seismic data with the offset-dependent amplitude response synthesized from well logs and/or the response expressed in the walkaway VSP to provide assurance of the seismic processing sequence.   With the seismic processing sequence optimized for resolution and consistency with the well data, Well-Driven Seismic processing is a vital prerequisite for acoustic impedance or AVO inversion and subsequent reservoir characterization. AVO AND INVERSION Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) has been used extensively in hydrocarbon exploration over the past two decades. Traditional AVO analysis involves computation of the AVO intercept, gradient, and higher-order AVO term from a fit of P-wave reflection amplitude to the sine square of the angle of incidence. This fit is based on the approximate P-wave reflection coefficient formulation in intercept-gradient form, given by Bortfeld (1961) and Shuey (1985) among others. Under the assumption of a background PS velocity ratio, the AVO intercept and gradient values can also be combined to obtain additional AVO attributes such as pseudo-S-wave data, Poissons ratio contrast, and others. AVO intercept and pseudo-S-wave data are also used in conjunction with prestack waveform inversion (PSWI) in a hybrid inversion scheme. Hybrid inversion is a combination of prestack and poststack inversion methodologies. Such a combination allows efficient inversion of large data volumes in the absence of we ll information. Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO) inversion is a prestack technique that is readily applied to seismic gathers but which is still largely under-utilised in the exploration community despite its ability to effectively discriminate between fluid and lithology effects. AVO inversion is equally applicable to both 2D and 3D seismic data in time or depth providing that sufficient care has been taken to preserve amplitudes during processing. A reliable velocity model is also a critical component of the AVO process as accurate angle information is a prerequisite for AVO inversion. The more accurate the angles, the better the partitioning of amplitudes to P-wave and S-wave reflectivities. In addition, both angle and ray path information can be incorporated in a variety of model based amplitude corrections that are preferable and often more accurate than scalars derived from empirical equations. The inversion process is then performed, completing in about the same time as a conventional stack. The resulting outputs are a series of AVO reflectivity sections or volumes that are determined by the Zoeppritz approximation used. Fluid Factor is one of the most useful attributes derived from AVO inversion due its ability to make such distinctions and directly identify hydrocarbons. Multi-Measurement Reservoir Definition workflows include the following components: Reservoir Synthetic Modeling Forward modeling to generate pre-stack synthetics from geological models Anivec (prestack elastic modeling) Prestack Waveform Inversion (PSWI) Full waveform prestack inversion is a non-linear inversion process that estimates elastic model (Vp, Vs, and density) from prestack seismic data using a genetic algorithm. AVO Modeling and analysis AVO Conditioning Conditions angle band stacks prior to performing AVO analysis AVO Inversion Elastic impedance modeling and inversion from angle band cubes Space-adaptive Inversion Space adaptive wavelet processing and inversion to relative seismic impedance Elastic Impedance Inversion Combining low frequency trends with seismic relative inverted impedance cubes to generate absolute impedance Integrated Rock Physics Modeling Fluid and rock property analysis, modeling and substitution Rock Property Calibration Generating rock properties from seismic using transforms derived from petrophysical analysis of well data. The outputs are high-resolution absolute acoustic and shear impedance and density volumes consistent with the seismic data and the well-log data. The inverted elastic parameter volumes are used for detailed interpretation of lithofacies and pore-fluid content in the subsurface. Combined with rock physics modeling and rock property mapping through lithology classification and joint porosity-saturation inversion, the method provides a powerful tool for quantitative reservoir description and characterization. The results are the most-probable litho-class, porosity, and saturation with uncertainties of prediction at every sample point in the 3-D volume. SIGNAL PROCESSING Some elements of the seismic data processing sequence are virtually universal regardless of whether the intention is to perform  time  imaging,  depth  imaging,  multicomponent  imaging, or  reservoir  studies. Data conditioning and signal processing form the foundation of the seismic processing workflow. Signal processing encompasses a wide variety of technologies designed to address numerous challenges in the processing sequence: from data calibration and regularization through to noise attenuation, demultiple, and signal enhancement techniques. It includes Multiple Attenuation Signal Enhancement Data caliberation and regularization Noise Attenuation TIME PROCESSING Prestack time migration (PSTM) may not be the most sophisticated imaging method available, but it remains the most commonly used migration algorithm in use today. Kirchhoff PSTM combines improved structural imaging with amplitude preservation of prestack data in readiness for AVO, inversion, and subsequent reservoir characterization. Advances in this field also mean that time imaging, more than ever before, is an ideal first step in a  Depth Imaging  workflow, reducing the number of velocity model building iterations and decreasing overall turnaround time. It includes Imaging: Regularization, migration and datuming techniques   Statics portfolio   Velocities and moveout Enhanced Migration Amplitude Normalization DEPTH PROCESSING Depth Imaging is the preferred seismic imaging tool for todays most challenging exploration and reservoir-delineation projects. In areas of structural or seismic velocity model complexity, many of the assumptions underpinning traditional time-domain processing are invalid and can produce misleading results. Typical situations might be heavily faulted sequences or salt intrusions. In these cases, only the careful application of 3D prestack depth imaging can be relied on to accurately delineate geological structure, aiding risk assessment and helping operators to improve drilling success rates. TECHNOLOGY   From a technology perspective, high quality depth imaging has two main aspects: the ability to build detailed and accurate velocity models, coupled with a superior imaging algorithm. VELOCITY MODEL BUILDING Velocity Model Building is a key critical element in imaging the Earth. Tomography provides the best high resolution calibrated velocity and anisotropic Earth Models, powerful refraction tomographies detect shallow velocity anomalies. All those algorithms work with any acquisition configuration and can be applied to any geological setting. Also, these computer intensive algorithms are integrated with an interactive graphics environment for rapid and accurate quality control of the interim and final results. VECTOR PROCESSING Conventional seismic recording uses a single scalar measurement of pressure or vertical displacement throughout the 2D or 3D survey to derive images and models of the subsurface. Subsequent processing and inversion steps can be linked to the relative shear-wave contrasts in the subsurface using rock property relationships. However, sometimes it is impossible to meet a surveys seismic imaging or reservoir definition objectives using compressional (P) waves alone. SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION Computer aided interpretation is the mainstay of 3D seismic interpretation as the amount of data used is voluminous. The important services are:   IIWS (Intergrated Intelligence Workstation) based interpretation of 2D, 3D data     Structural mapping     Integrating seismic attributes with wireline, core and reservoir data for reservoir characterisation     Seismic modeling   3D visualisation and animation     Palinspastic restoration   Structural restoration is an established method by which to validate seismic interpretations. In addition, palinspastic reconstruction can help identify potential reservoir depocentres, enable the measurement of catchment areas at the time of hydrocarbon migration and lead to an improved understanding of complex hydrocarbon systems such as those in the deepwater. Restoration is achieved by the sequential backstripping of the present day depth model. Upon removal of each successive layer, the remaining surfaces within the model are adjusted to accoun

Bertrand Russell disagreed with Berkeleys argument Essay

George Berkeley was an Irish bishop and empiricist. His core philosophy was ‘esse est percipi’ this translates to, to be, is to be perceived. Berkeley believed that both primary and secondary objects were perceiver dependent believed that the world was not was not separate from the mind ergo; he was an immaterialist (we perceive things in the mind). He started his argument for empiricism by stating that in order for things to exist they must be perceived, due to holding this view point he thought that everything depends on the mind. This raises an immediate problem. If everything is perceiver dependent, what happens when an object is not being perceived? Does it simply pop out of existence? This argument does not seem coherent. This is due to the idea being an extremely irrational understanding of the world. The concept can also be disproved. This is because if we could put a video camera into a room and leave it so no one perceived the room and the objects in it and it would not disappear. Berkeley later added to his argument, as an attempt to solve this problem that no object is un-perceived. He claims objects do not disappear out of exist due to there being a constant perceiver, God. This is as God is omnipresent therefore, he always perceives the world. Thus objects do not pop out existence as they are constantly perceived. However by adding the existence of God to his argument it became weak. This is due to a huge assumption. This assumption is that God exists. There are many arguments both for and against God’s existence, such as the teleological argument and the problem of evil. It seems strange to base a theory of object’s existence on a being whose existence is unproven. Bertrand Russell disagreed with Berkeley’s argument for objects existences. Russell argued that if he was sat in his chair and his cat was in one corner of the room and he turned round on his chair and the cat was at the other side of the room, according to Berkeley there was only two possible ways this could have happened. Firstly the cat could have popped out of existence when Russell turned on his chair and then popped back into existence when he had turned back round. Or secondly, the cat could have walked across the room when he was turned on the chair due to God perceiving it. Russell claimed that these two possibilities were irrational and we could not use these two claims for the existence of objects.

Becoming an adult

My childhood consisted of so many responsibilities, so for me adulthood came at a very young age. Due to a neglectful provider I had to find my own way. Most of my friends were so eager to grow up and get out of their parents house. I on the other hand was looking for a resting place with a nurturing parent. Unfortunately, I ended up in foster care at age seventeen. I became very emotional, but I didn't give up.Adulthood came with many egrets for me, but this sorrow due to loss of childhood had to wait, because responsibilities were â€Å"knocking on the door†. After the hasten process of maturity, I begin to view life from the eyes of what I was, an adult. Grasping the concept made things much easier. I begin learning my way and creating my own path at the same time. So therefore, I graduated high school early got a Job and attended a community college for my Nurse Aide 1 certification. Once I reached 18 1 got an apartment. I then obtained a position In substance abuse workin g as a Certified Nursing Assistant.After two and a half years of work I decided to attend college for Nursing, and It Is very telling getting off a night shift Job attending morning classes, but that Is part of being an adult nothing comes easy It takes hard work and determination. However, people seem to not understand the meaning of being an adult. I feel Like age Is irrelevant when it comes to being an adult due to the simple fact an adolescent can have more sense than a person that's middle aged. I myself have personally encountered this several times in my life.I will admit being an adult comes with a lot f responsibility, and you have to be responsible for your own actions and make decisions. Sometimes I would find myself getting upset, because I didn't have parents there for me and I had to be an adult before it was time for me to be one, but now as I look back I am thankful where I stand in life as a young lady, and I continue to learn and grow every day. The more that life goes on, I realize that I benefited from all the negatives I experienced as a child. I learned to turn all the negative Into a positive to make me a better person as an adult.BY seamiest jesting place with a nurturing parent. Unfortunately, I ended up in foster care at age obtained a position in substance abuse working as a Certified Nursing Assistant. After two and a half years of work I decided to attend college for Nursing, and it is very tiring getting Off night shift Job attending morning classes, but that is part of being an adult nothing comes easy it takes hard work and determination. However, people seem to not understand the meaning of being an adult. I feel like age is negatives I experienced as a child. I learned to turn all the negative into a positive to Becoming an adult As one takes the road to maturity through the phase of adulthood, various influences can be taken from experiences. But, it must be distinguished that most influences come from one’s kind of family or the environment within the family. The stage of adulthood is an important and at the same time, a critical point in a person’s life. Majority of young adults still live with their own families thus, it can be assumed that parents, to be more specific aid in rearing the young adults.From chapter 13 of the book, The Expanded Family Life Cycle Edited by Betty Carter & Monica McGoldrick, viewpoints and principles that might be grasped by some adolescents of both sexes were tackled. As adolescents progress in the long run, these outlooks can either be retained or chucked out. These viewpoints are interconnected in one way or another. Examples of the given values will be provided for further discussion. The list will start with the attempt of the adolescents on learning how to w ork. In a patriarchal society, men are expected to imbibe the concept of work earlier in their lives compared to the women.A male fresh graduate will dive in; head first, to get a good paying job for a sense of accomplishment. Second on the list is self-involvement. In this aspect, an adolescent can engage in activities that will enhance skills, personality and maturity. Enrolling at a dance class or being part of a community work can be some of illustrations of diverting attention to the self, instead of sharing a relationship with somebody. Idealism, another concept in the life of a young adult is probably one of the signs of cheap maturity.Cheap in a sense that idealism brings in the thought that life can be all rainbows and butterflies if taken seriously and carefully. But, in reality, life can knock you down in the most unexpected way possible. An example of this is when the young adult trust the wrong person. After experiencing such event, the adolescent will then find out tha t trust should not be given to everybody without any hesitations. Thus the young adult will then be arriving at the conclusion that the idealism regarding trust doesn’t exist.Another example is when the parents of a young adult underwent divorce. The young adult will now form a concept that when he grows up, he will choose his wife carefully and have a happy married life. Then again, if and when fate takes a bad turn, such idealism will be broken. Aside from the parents or older members of one’s family, a young adult can look up to someone near to him. This is to feed such need of defining the self. Mentors can influence the young adult in a good or bad way, depending on what type of mentor he is.Somebody who is musically inclined can pick a lead singer of a local band as an inspiration. On the other hand, somebody who wants to be popular at school may take in the role of a school jock who keeps on doing vices, seeing that the said jock gains friends and fame through t hose actions. Next is the concept of having a perfect love. Acquiring such notion is linked with the concept of idealism. Yes, the family can provide love and care but the young adult will seek live from a different level, a romantic level that is.In that kind of love, one can share the other side of his or her personality. For an instance, a daughter who is an only child will long for someone that she can take care of because she doesn’t have any siblings to look after. Or, she might seek attention from a guy if she is not given enough time by her parents. The stage of adolescence is also the peak of curiosity. Thus, the inquisitiveness in trying out things comes into the scene. Alcohol and drugs are the common entities that deal with such curiosity.The young adult can either get hooked on those vices when not used in moderation or just use it so to get something sexual experience or enjoy a party. At some point in time, the viewpoint of self-involvement that was introduced earlier will pass and will be replaced by the thought of becoming a householder. From simply enrolling at a dance class, the adult may find the need to give that up if he or she will get married. The adult might choose to save the money for a vacation with his loved one instead for paying for a dance class.A sudden change of priorities will definitely take place due to the notion of becoming a householder in the near future. Also, the concept of having a mentor will change in late adulthood. Thinking that the vocalist of a local band is somewhat inspiring, the adult will come to realize that he or she has her own style of artistry in music. Hence, a realization that the idealism of having an achievement is not based on what the vocalist can do but of what the adult can do. The young adult who perceived the jock as the fame getter will think that excelling in school is a better way of stepping up.As for the curiosity of trying the vices, some â€Å"habits† brought by the vices can change if the young adult will realize that all those are just for cheap thrills and should only be done in moderation if cannot be avoided completely. The differences done by the later phase of adulthood may have a positive or negative feedback from the family of the adult. A positive feedback can be solicited through being grateful of the sense of responsibility and independence while a negative feedback can be caused by the paranoia of the parents that they can no longer watch the young adult’s every move.The transformations can bring about independence but this will not be achieved if and when there is still financial dependence to the parents. A son who is already an adult but is still supported by his parents on his needs at law school cannot fully say that he is already independent. The ego of the son might be affected but he can’t do anything with the set-up yet. The viewpoint of continuity versus innovation can be related to the said example. After finish ing law school, the son has the choice to work in his town or travel elsewhere.The parents, being as protective as they are might hinder him to work in a far place. The decision of the son in leaving can be influenced by the fact that his parents provided his needs when he was still studying. So, he may choose not to work in other towns. If he chose to leave, the concept of family dynamics can be applied given that he has siblings. The attention that the parents used to give him will be diverted to the younger ones. But by the time he comes home for an occasion, attention will be drawn to him again.A different example would be when the eldest daughter got married but her husband died eventually. The daughter decided to move in with her parents since she doesn’t have a child. The room that was now occupied by a younger sibling that used to be owned by the eldest should be vacated since the eldest sister is now staying with them. Lastly, the manifestation of an adult’s p rogress can still affect the relationship of his or her parents. A busy household with two working parents can take for granted one’s relationship with the husband or wife.If their children would leave, they can catch up for the lost times when they are focused on taking care of the children. Otherwise, the flame may have died out many years even before the children grew up. The upbringing of a person done by the parents will be reflected through his achievements, principles or even mistakes. It must be taken into consideration that the link between the stages of adolescence can strike a mirror effect to the adult, the parents or the family as a whole. The effects, be it in the same or a different pole, should be used for one’s improvement and not for a fall down life’s hill.

Cather in the Rye essays

Cather in the Rye essays Without a doubt, J.D. Salinger is one of the best twentieth-century America authors. He is best known for his book, Catcher in the Rye, a book about a seventeen-year-old teenager, struggling through his teenager years, falling into a depression and trying to understand the real world. The straightforward approach to his novel caused a hurricane of controversy in America. It was the first time an author, dared to tell it how it really is and tried to open Americas eyes to understand the thoughts of a typical adolescent teenager. This straightforward, simple read is nonetheless used in many schools today for its rich content of symbolism and truthfulness. This book has had a huge impact on teenagers all over the world.1 The story of J.D. Salingers life begins on January 1, 1919 in New York City. He was born into a wealthy family; his father was a Jewish cheese importer.2 Salinger attended many prep schools. This is where he was first inspired to become a writer. In his quest to become a writer he wrote many short stories, many of which were never published.3 In his later years, Salinger joined the military. He participated in World War II where he became emotionally distraught and sought psychiatric help. Mostly due to the fact that he was half Jewish and witnessed the brutally that Jews were experiencing in Germany. Ironically, he would never write about his involvement in the military or his Jewish descent.4 Upon his return home, he attended college and met his soon to be wife Sylvia. However, the marriage did not last, and after the divorce, Salinger began to seriously write. He began practicing a life of seclusion and Buddhism. He published a few stories during that time period, but his claim to fame did not occur, until after the publication of the Catcher in the Rye.5 After the publication of the Catcher in the Rye, the book drew in a wide range of recognition mostly, because of its time of release. The novel...

Operations Decisions for Krafts Foods Inc. and Manute Foods Company

Operations Decisions for Krafts Foods Inc. and Manute Foods Company Companies’ Background The two companies referred to in this study operate in the foods and beverages industry. In addition, the companies concentrate in the production of low calorie microwavable foods.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Decisions for Krafts Foods Inc. and Manute Foods Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Krafts Foods Inc. is a leading global manufacturer and marketer of beverages and packaged foods (MarketResearch.com, 2011). It has its headquarters in Northfield, Illinois, but also operates in the other continents. Low calorie microwavable products from the company fall under the convenient meals sector. For instance, cheese and Kraft Macaroni come in ready-to-heat pouches. Manute Foods Company is also a multinational foods company. It specializes in the manufacture and distribution of low calorie microwavable foods. Its operations are not as widespread as those of Krafts Foods I nc. However, its presence in the industry is significant. The organization operates from the state of Texas. Low Calories Microwavable Foods Market Structure and Companies Effectiveness Determination Plan Mankiw (2011) regards market structure as the number and types of competing firms operating in a given industry. Consumers across the US and the rest of the world are exhibiting increased preference for healthy and fat-free food products (MarketResearch.com, 2011). According to IMAP (2010), the global demand for convenience foods and increasing health consciousness are expected to facilitate continued growth in the low calorie microwavable foods sector. In addition, majority of the processed foods consumed in the world are packaged. Competition in the low-calories microwavable foods industry is intense. Krafts Foods Inc. competes with other global foods and beverages brands, not only in the low calorie microwavable foods sector. Some of the competitors include Tyson Foods (US), Dan one (France), and JBS (Brazil). Others are Kellog Co. (US), ConAgra Foods (US), and HJ Heinz Co. (US) (IMAP, 2010; Rayburn, 2014; Jambrak, 2012). In spite of the stiff competition, profits in this sector are relatively high. For instance, Krafts Foods Inc. recorded $42.2 billion in revenues in 2008 from its global operations. Operating profits and net income stood at $4.9 billion and $2.9 billion respectively (IMAP, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Krafts Foods Inc. market analysis above reveals that the low calories microwavable foods industry has a monopolistic competition market structure. The market is highly competitive, characterized by numerous operators (Yorke, 1984). The companies in this industry usually compete through the distribution of slightly differentiated products, albeit in the same line. Manute Foods Company exhibits these characteristics in line with the reality in the industry. The two companies analyzed in this paper are operating at the product-market competition level. Analyzing market effectiveness should indicate the two organization’s firm and industry performance in terms of profits. The market effectiveness plan should be based on the entities’ operational strategies. Business strategies should exhibit the ‘forward-looking’ ability of the venture in relation to the choices and investments made. In addition, they should anticipate the future actions of the firm and those of the competitors. Both Manute Foods Company and Krafts Foods Inc. should invest in markets that are characterized by viability and stability, as far as anticipated outcomes are concerned. Viability means that companies can make profits from the markets they are venturing. On the other hand, stability implies that entry into a new market will not lead to losses in the near future. Two Factors Likely to Cause Chang e in the Low Calories Microwavable Foods Monopolistic Competition Market Structure There are various factors that may affect the operations of the two companies. One of them includes regulations in relation to licensing and product quality. Strict licensing terms with regards to these products might lock out some companies. Such a scenario may limit the freedom of entry into the market and exit from this industry. In addition, the terms may reduce the number of firms operating in the industry (Yorke, 1984). Reduced competition will translate to higher profits and market share for the existing companies (Arslan Klaus, 1994). The structure of the market may also be altered by the increasing health consciousness among consumers in the food industry. What this means is that demand for these foods may rise, leading to a rise in the number of new entrants. As a result of this condition, competition in the industry will increase. In light of this, the two companies may be eliminated from the market, in addition to experiencing an erosion of their market share. Short-Run and Long-Run Production and Cost Functions and their Applications the Operations of Manute Foods Company Production is characterized by a number of processes. It involves a series of activities aimed at increasing the value and altering the utility of raw materials or inputs (Mankiw, 2011). Production function determines the relationship between the inputs and the products per unit of time (Collier, Sherell, Babakus Horky, 2014). The inputs may lead to massive costs for organizations if not well managed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Decisions for Krafts Foods Inc. and Manute Foods Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The production and cost function for Manute Foods Company can be determined symbolically as follows: Q = f(Xa, Xb, Xc,†¦ Xn). Q represents total quantity of products per specified period. It takes into consideration specific combinations of inputs (Mankiw, 2011). Xn represents the quantity of the different types of inputs. Considering the market conditions, the production levels of Manute Foods Company can be determined or forecast using varying combinations of inputs within specified durations of time. Analysis of costs highlights the relationship between cost and production over a specified period. In essence, the cost function provides different results depending on the firm’s application of varying utilization or inputs percentages (Arslan Klaus, 1994). Businesses experience fluctuations in their long-run production costs. One of the main reasons behind these changes is sustained alterations in production levels over time. Whenever Manute Foods Company incurs losses or makes profits, long-run costs change. In the long term, fixed factors of production are non-existent (Mankiw, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The short run costs of Manute Foods Company, on the other hand, should accumulate throughout the production process in relation to the production function (Mankiw, 2011). However, it is important to note that fixed costs do not affect short-run costs. The only factors that influence production in the short term include revenues and variable costs, a fact applicable to Manute Foods Company. Short-run and long-run costs and production functions are very essential to managers. As already indicated, the low calorie microwavable foods industry is characterized by monopolistic competition. In the short term, such segments lack efficiency. The inefficiencies result from profit maximization and specified production levels in the industry (Collier et al., 2014). Managers at Manute Foods Company should determine industry market trends in advance. By so doing, they can forecast demand and compute the levels of input necessary to ensure that production meets the demand. The developments highlig hted above have various effects on stakeholders. For example, they may lead to a net loss to both consumer and producer surpluses. The managers of Manute Foods Company can maximize short-term profits from the results of the short-run production and cost functions. When the marginal revenues equal marginal costs from the function, the costs incurred can generate profit for the companies (Mankiw, 2011). Long-term cost and production functions can provide the low calorie microwavable foods managers with information necessary to their operations. For example, they can use the information to plan and implement business strategies. In addition, they can effectively plan for the current and the projected market environments. The information will aid them in making the appropriate production decisions. Efficiency in the long-run costs would also be sustained following the production of the desired quantities of products at the lowest possible costs (Mankiw, 2011). Managers can make other de cisions that affect the status of their organizations from the production and cost functions. For example, they can decide to expand or decrease the size of the companies, change production quantities, and exit or penetrate other markets. Such decisions are based on the results obtained from the production and cost functions. Possible Situations for Discontinuing Operations by the Low Calorie Microwavable Foods Company The two foods company can cease their operations following a legal order faulting their criteria of production. The managers can contest the legal order if they believe their operations do not breach any regulations. Alternatively, the companies can opt to rectify their production systems to adhere to the regulations (Mankiw, 2011). The company can also terminate operations if they do not expect to generate profits or revenues from the industry in the near future. Such a scenario can arise from radical changes in consumption trends, rendering their products obsolete. Pricing Policy for Maximizing Profits in the Low Calorie Microwavable Foods Industry Mankiw (2011) defines psychological pricing as an effective marketing strategy. It involves basing the prices of products on such factors as quality, consumer’s value perceptions, and popular price points (Yorke, 1984). In the low calorie foods market, basing prices on consumer’s health value perception will maximize profits in the long term (Girz, Polivy, Herman Lee, 2012). As already indicated, consumer trends in the foods and beverage industry are changing. To this end, most consumers are adopting more health conscious consumption practices. In light of this, the proposed pricing policy will facilitate the development of positive perceptions among consumers as far as the products of the two companies are concerned. Evaluation of Financial Performance for the Low Calorie Microwavable Products Company A company’s financial performance indicates the financial health of the enti re firm. Evaluations of the performance are carried out from time to time (Mankiw, 2011). Organizations can use their financial performance to compare their position in relation to competitors in the industry. Return on equity would be appropriate in determining the performance of both Krafts Foods Inc. and Manute Foods Company (Girz et al., 2012). The measure would indicate both profits and losses made by the companies, as well as the overall efficiency of the production costs. The return on equity metric has significant impacts on both long-term and short-term managerial decisions. The measure would also incorporate returns for all stakeholders. As a result, the managers have to focus on more than just the profits made by the company. Increasing Profitability and Stakeholders Value in the Low Calorie Microwavable Foods Industry Manute Foods Company and Krafts Inc. should exploit the growing demand for healthy and convenient food products. Conducting research on consumer demands an d developing products to meet identified requirements will enhance return on investments. Effective management of production costs and investment in long-term market targets would improve performance in the monopolistic competitive market (Mankiw, 2011). Positive returns mean increased profits for the companies and value addition to stakeholders. Reference Arslan, G., Klaus, B. (1994). Market structure and profitability in the U.S. food manufacturing industries. Atlantic Economic Journal, 22(1), 103. Collier, J., Sherell, D., Babakus, E., Horky, A. (2014). Understanding the differences of public and private self-service technology. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(1), 2-3. Girz, L., Polivy, J., Herman, P., Lee, H. (2012). The effects of calorie information on food selection and intake. International Journal of Obesity, 36(10), 1340-1345. IMAP. (2010). An IMAP consumer staples report: Food and beverage industry global report2010. Web. Jambrak, A. (2012). Application of high power ultrasound and microwave in food processing: Extraction. Journal of Food Processing Technology, 4(113), 1. Mankiw, G. (2011). Principles of economics (6th ed.). New York: Cengage Learning. MarketResearch.com. (2011). Kraft Foods, Inc.: SWOT analysis. Web. Rayburn, W. (2014). Improving service employee affect: The transformative potential of work design. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(1), 4-5. Yorke, D. (1984). Marketing and non-profit-making organizations. European Journal of Marketing, 18(2), 17-22.